The frequency of response concerning cytokine production (IFNγ,

IL2 or TNFα) was evaluated and is shown in Table 2. Regarding the RD1 antigen response within the CD4+ or CD8+ T-cell subsets, no significant difference between the HIV–TB and HIV–LTBI groups was observed (Fig. 1 A-B). To note: the CD4+ T-cell frequency was higher than the CD8+ T-cell frequency in both HIV–TB (in response to RD1 peptides and RD1 proteins p = 0.2 and p = 0.08, respectively) and HIV–LTBI (in response to RD1 peptides and RD1 proteins p = 0.001 and p = 0.08, respectively) ( Fig. 1 A-B). The frequency of response to HIV–GAG peptides (Fig. 1 C-D) and the positive control, staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) (Fig. 1 F), was not dependent on TB status. Differently, a higher frequency of response to Cytomegalovirus (CMV) in CD4+ T-cell and CD8+ T-cell subsets was observed in the HIV–LTBI Selleck Crizotinib group than in the HIV–TB (p = 0.02 and p = 0.03) ( Fig. 1 E), although the proportion GSK-3 cancer of positive serology to CMV was similar in both groups ( Table 1). We further investigated the functional cytokine profile of RD1 antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells in terms of IFNγ, IL2 and TNFα, independent of the simultaneous production of the other cytokines. Fig. 2 A-B shows a flow cytometry panel representing the RD1 response from an HIV–TB subject. Among the CD4+ T-cells, the frequency of IFNγ, IL2 and

TNFα in response to the RD1 antigen was higher in the HIV–TB group than in the HIV–LTBI (Fig. 2 C-D), reaching a statistical significance for IFNγ Nutlin-3 purchase and TNFα response to RD1 peptides (p = 0.007, p = 0.02, respectively) ( Fig. 2 D). Regarding SEB response, there was a significantly

higher frequency of IL2 in the HIV–LTBI group ( Fig. 2 F) compared to the HIV–TB group (p = 0.03). For the CD8+ T-cell-response to RD1, CMV and SEB stimuli, no significant difference was observed (data not shown). Polyfunctional (more than one cytokine) and monofunctional (one cytokine) responses to RD1 antigens were analyzed in CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets (Fig. 3). Considering the CD4+ T-cell response, the HIV–TB group showed a higher frequency of polyfunctional T-cells than the HIV–LTBI, reaching a significant difference in response to RD1 peptides (p = 0.007) ( Fig. 3 B). Considering the HIV–TB group, we observed a higher frequency of polyfunctional CD4+ T-cells than monofunctional; the difference was also significant when evaluating the response to RD1 peptides (p = 0.04) ( Fig. 3 B). Differently, when considering the CD8+ T-cell response to RD1 proteins, we found a significantly higher frequency of monofunctional T-cells than polyfunctional in both the HIV–TB and HIV–LTBI groups (p = 0.03, p = 0.03, respectively) ( Fig. 3 C). The cytokine profiles of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells were analyzed evaluating the proportion of each cytokine to the total antigen response using the Boolean gate combinations (Fig. 4).