The feeding environment at BCT consists of ad libitum cafeteria-style meals for breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Foods offered meet military selleck chemical dietary reference intakes (MDRIs) [19], which are similar to the DRIs for the American population, but adjusted for the specific needs of the military. Food offererings at military dining facilities aim to provide a well balanced diet and meet the Dietary Guidelines for Americans [19]. Anthropometric

measures Weight was measured and recorded to the nearest 0.01 kg on a calibrated digital scale (A&A Scales, Prospect Park, NJ), and height was measured to the nearest 0.01 cm with a stadiometer (Creative Health Products, Plymouth, MI). Body fat percentages were estimated from skinfold thicknesses. Skinfold measurements were recorded using Lange calipers (Beta Technology, Santa Cruz, CA) at the triceps, suprailiac, and abodominal sites, and were rounded to the nearest 1.0 mm. Body density was calculated according to the 3-site skinfold equation for women [20], and MM-102 datasheet body fat percentage was then determined using sex-, age-, and race-specific calculations [21]. Biological buy Epacadostat samples After an overnight fast, blood was collected from rested volunteers through antecubital venipuncture, processed on site, frozen, and shipped to the Pennington Biomedical Research Center (Baton Rouge, LA) for processing. Serum 25(OH)D levels (DiaSorin

Inc., Stillwater, MN) were determined using a commercially available radioimmunoassay and PTH levels (Siemens 2000, Los Angeles, CA) were determined using a commercially available immunoassay. Serum bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP; Octeia, Fountain Hills, AZ), procollagen I N-terminal peptide (PINP; Orion Diagnostica, Espoo, Finland),

tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP; Immunodiagnostics Systems, Fountain Hills, AZ), and C-terminal telopeptide (CTx; Immunodiagnostics Systems, Fountain Meloxicam Hills, AZ) were determined using immunoassays. Serum IL-6 concentrations were determined using a multiplex assay with a lower detectible limit of 3.2 ng/L (Milliplex MAP; Millipore, Billerica, MA) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) concentrations were determined with an automated immunoassay instrument with a lower detectible limit of 0.2 mg/L (Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc.). Dietary intake Self-reported dietary intakes of vitamin D and calcium before and during BCT were determined using a full-length, quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) (Block 2005 FFQ; NutritionQuest, Berkeley, CA). The FFQ was administered at baseline and wk 9 to estimate usual dietary intake from all food groups over the 3 mo prior to beginning training and during the 10-wk training course. Mean daily intakes of vitamin D and calcium were calculated from the USDA Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies v. 1.0. Dietary supplements are not permitted during BCT. Statistical analysis Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences v. 18.0 (SPSS Inc.