1/2 subunits of the Kir family and four SUR1/2 subunits of an equally ancient transporter family led to the finding that COPI recognition of arginine-based Icotinib price motifs on these α and β subunits in partially assembled KATP channel complexes causes their retrieval from the Golgi back to the ER (Heusser et al., 2006, Yuan et al., 2003 and Zerangue et al., 1999). Similar arginine-based ER retrieval motifs have been found in TASK channels (O’Kelly

et al., 2002), sodium channels (Zhang et al., 2008), glutamate receptors (Horak et al., 2008, Nasu-Nishimura et al., 2006, Ren et al., 2003, Scott et al., 2001, Vivithanaporn et al., 2006 and Xia et al., 2001), acetylcholine receptors (Keller et al., 2001 and Srinivasan et al., 2011), and

the ER resident calcium channel localization factor-1 (CALF-1) that promotes surface expression of calcium channels (Saheki and Bargmann, 2009). Short traffic motifs have also been found to facilitate ER exit and forward trafficking of channels, such as diacidic motifs in potassium channels (Ma et al., 2001, Mikosch and Homann, 2009, Mikosch et al., 2006 and Zuzarte et al., 2007) via potentially cooperative interactions with Sec24 cargo receptors of COPII vesicles (Mikosch et al., 2009 and Sieben et al., 2008) and the I/LXM motif in the acetylcholine receptor β4 subunit that binds to Sec24D/C but not Sec24A/B cargo receptors (Mancias and Goldberg, 2008). These diverse interactions exemplify the distinct cargo-binding capacities of Sec24 this website paralogs (Dong et al., 2012, Lord et al., 2013 and Miller and Schekman, 2013). Not only do the Sec24 cargo receptors in the prebudding Sec23-Sec24-Sar1 complex serve evolutionarily conserved functions for forward trafficking of various ion channels, the cornichon family of proteins that may interact with both cargos and the Sec23-Sec24-Sar1 complex for incorporation into COPII vesicles could

also function as cargo receptors in organisms ranging from yeast to mammals. Drosophila almost Cornichon is a cargo receptor for ER export of the TGFα-like growth factor Gurken ( Bökel et al., 2006). In yeast, the cornichon homologs Erv14p and Erv15p are cargo receptors for membrane proteins important for yeast budding and sporulation ( Nakanishi et al., 2007 and Powers and Barlowe, 2002). Erv14p is also crucial for functional expression of mammalian potassium channels in yeast ( Haass et al., 2007). Mammalian cornichon homologs 2 and 3 (CNIH-2/CNIH-3) that associate with AMPA receptors in central neurons can increase their surface expression and alter channel properties in expression systems ( Gill et al., 2011, Kato et al., 2010 and Schwenk et al., 2009).