2 This represents

a shift in the nature of major iatrogenic ureteral Dapagliflozin in vitro injuries we have managed. We cannot definitively identify the reason for this occurrence. One possibility is that urologists have become more aggressive with ureteroscopic procedures in the kidney and proximal and middle ureter. This has perhaps been driven by the development of new technology such as better flexible ureteroscopes, new lasers, grasping devices and baskets, and the utilization of ureteral access sheaths. Our findings support this because the majority of such injuries were in the proximal ureter. There is limited contemporary information (year 2000 and beyond) regarding the patterns of iatrogenic ureteral injuries.3–5 Parpala-Spårman Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and colleagues from Finland analyzed ureteric injuries managed at their institution over three different time periods: 1986–1992, 1993–1999, and 2000–2006. They reported that iatrogenic ureteral injuries significantly increased over time and that this was associated with laparoscopic gynecologic procedures but not ureteroscopic Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical interventions.3 Our series did not demonstrate changes in the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical rate of treatment of major iatrogenic, gynecologic ureteral injuries. The reasons for differences between our results and those of Parpala-Spårman and colleagues are not clear. Perhaps more aggressive ureteroscopic

surgery was not being conducted in Finland during these time periods or the gynecologists were still in the learning curve phases of advanced laparoscopic interventions. There was an increase in the index of overall major iatrogenic ureteral injuries for the

general surgical cohort that approached statistical significance. This rate did reach statistical significance Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical within our institution. The majority of Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical injuries occurred during colon resection procedures and the reasons for this trend may be the introduction of laparoscopic colon resection and more aggressive open surgical interventions. Our results demonstrate that, if such injuries occur, reconstructive ureteral surgery may yield excellent renal salvage rates. Although open surgical techniques were used in all reconstructive procedures Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase reviewed in this series, we recognize that some of these patients can now be treated with either laparoscopic or robotic-assisted surgery.6–8 The finding that a significant number of major iatrogenic ureteral injuries are still occurring during ureteroscopic stone removal underscores the importance of proper patient selection, patient preparation, and surgical technique. Although the technology has expanded the indications for such procedures, one must always proceed with caution and patience when embarking on ureteroscopic stone removal. We recognize that this study has certain limitations. We used an estimate based on number of hospitalizations per admitting surgical specialty to determine the at-risk population because the true denominator was not available.