Another important consideration Bortezomib in vivo in translating the in vitro murine data to the bedside is the dosing regimen. Serum concentrations of atorvastatin, for lipid lowering, are in the nanomolar range [42], while inhibition of T cell activation and MMP-9 production occurs only at micromolar concentrations in tissue culture. Direct comparisons of human serum concentrations to in vitro experiments are not appropriate, especially for a lipophilic drug such as atorvastatin. Additionally, previous

work has shown that statin treatment inhibits MMP-9 production indirectly in the vessel wall of abdominal aortic aneurysms [43,44], thus serum levels may not reflect accurately local tissue concentrations at work, similar to the disconnect between serum and tissue levels of MMP-9 in KD [45]. An altered lipid profile has been reported in children with KD. During the acute phase of disease a pro-atherogenic lipid profile [46,47], with a decrease selleck kinase inhibitor in total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), apoA1 and apoA2 and an increase in triglycerides and apoB, is observed [46,48,49]. Total cholesterol returns quickly to normal, but HDL-C recovery is slow and remains

significantly lower than expected up to years later [46]. In addition to the observed mild dyslipidaemia in patients with KD, arterial function may be abnormal with abnormal measures

of endothelial dysfunction even in those without aneurysms [50–53]. Carotid artery intima-media thickness among KD patients is greater, and endothelial dysfunction has been reported both in children with persistent coronary lesions as well as in those without detectable early coronary artery involvement, Dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase indicated by decreased brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation [40,48,49,53]. Thus, all patients with KD, even in the absence of echocardiographic evidence of coronary artery involvement, may be at risk for premature atherosclerosis even if managed appropriately during the acute phase of the illness. The potential benefits of statin therapy are recognized outside the acute phase of illness. Recognizing the limitations of the in-vitro results reported, confirmation of the immunomodulatory effects of atorvastatin are needed in vivo using the LCWE-induced coronary arteritis animal model of KD. This model, which mimics accurately the histopathological changes seen in the coronary arteries of KD patients [19,20,54], provides a unique opportunity to study treatment protocols and potential side effects of statin therapy in young animals, providing important insight prior to human studies.