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Oral language and early literacy skills are posited to be the bedrock for the development of reading acquisition. Discerning these relations necessitates methods that showcase the dynamic advancement of reading proficiency in the context of acquisition. Analyzing 105 five-year-olds commencing primary school and formal literacy instruction in New Zealand, our study investigated the connection between early literacy skills and their trajectory to later reading development. School entry assessments began with Preschool Early Literacy Indicators, followed by four-weekly checks during the first six months. This included five probes (First Sound Fluency, Letter Sound Fluency, and New Zealand Word Identification Fluency Year 1). Children were assessed again a year later using both researcher-developed and school-used indices of literacy-related skills and reading progress. Repeated progress monitoring data was used to illustrate skill advancement through the application of Modified Latent Change Score (mLCS) modeling. Path analyses, combined with ordinal regression, revealed a relationship between children's early literacy progress and their skill levels at school entry, as well as their trajectory of early learning, factors quantified by mLCS. Beginning reading acquisition benefits from these findings, prompting further research and development of screening tools to support school entry and progress monitoring of early literacy skills. This PsycINFO database record, under copyright 2023, is fully protected by the American Psychological Association.

While other visual forms are unaffected by horizontal reflection, mirror-image characters, including 'b' and 'd', designate distinct objects. Masked priming lexical decision studies on mirror letters have hypothesized that identifying a mirror letter may involve inhibiting its mirror image counterpart. This supposition is bolstered by empirical evidence showing a slower processing time of target words when the prime contained the target's mirror image rather than a control prime with a different letter (e.g., ibea-idea > ilea-idea). Late infection This inhibitory mirror priming effect, as reported recently, is contingent on the distributional bias of left/right orientation within the Latin alphabet; only the more prominent (frequent) right-facing mirror letter primes (e.g., b) demonstrated interference. To examine mirror letter priming, the current study utilized single letters and nonlexical letter strings with adult readers. The findings of all experiments reveal that, relative to a visually disparate control letter prime, both right-facing and left-facing mirror letter primes uniformly facilitated, rather than slowed, the recognition of a target letter. For example, b-d recognition was quicker than w-d. Evaluated against an identity prime, mirror primes displayed a rightward tendency, albeit a small and not always statistically significant effect within each experimental trial. The identification of mirror letters reveals no evidence of a mirror suppression mechanism, prompting an alternative interpretation based on noisy perceptual processes. Return this JSON schema, which includes a list of sentences: list[sentence].

Research on masked translation priming, especially with bilinguals using differing writing systems, has repeatedly found that cognates yield a stronger priming effect than non-cognates. The reason for this disparity in priming effect is frequently attributed to the phonological likeness between cognates. In a word-naming experiment, we investigated this phenomenon with Chinese-Japanese bilinguals, using same-script cognates as prime and target words. Experiment 1 yielded significant results pertaining to cognate priming. There were no statistically significant differences in the magnitude of priming effects for phonologically similar (e.g., /xin4lai4/-/shiNrai/) and dissimilar cognate pairs (e.g., /bao3zheng4/- /hoshoR/), implying no effect of phonological similarity. With solely Chinese stimuli in Experiment 2, we observed a considerable homophone priming effect, using two-character logographic primes and matching targets, indicating the potentiality of phonological priming for two-character Chinese targets. Nonetheless, priming effects were observed exclusively for pairs exhibiting identical tonal patterns (e.g., /shou3wei4/-/shou3wei4/), indicating that matching lexical tones is essential for the manifestation of phonologically-driven priming in this context. tissue microbiome Subsequently, Experiment 3 featured pairs of phonologically similar Chinese-Japanese cognates, with the variation in their suprasegmental phonological features (specifically, lexical tone and pitch-accent) being a central component. Statistical analysis revealed no disparity in priming effects for tone/accent similar pairs, such as /guan1xin1/-/kaNsiN/, and dissimilar pairs, for example /man3zu2/-/maNzoku/. Based on our observations, phonological facilitation does not appear to be a part of the process by which cognate priming effects are produced by Chinese-Japanese bilinguals. Possible explanations, arising from the fundamental representations of logographic cognates, are examined. Return this PsycINFO Database Record, a 2023 document under copyright by the APA, maintaining all ownership rights.

To investigate the experience-dependent acquisition, representation, and processing of novel emotional and neutral abstract concepts, we employed a novel linguistic training paradigm. Novel abstract concepts were successfully learned by participants (32 using mental imagery and 34 employing lexico-semantic rephrasing) throughout five training sessions. A subsequent feature production stage following training indicated that emotion features specifically enriched the depictions of emotional ideas. During training, participants employing vivid mental imagery unexpectedly experienced a slower lexical decision process, correlated with a higher semantic richness of the acquired emotional concepts. The use of rephrasing led to improved learning and processing capabilities compared to imagery, likely because of stronger, pre-existing lexical associations. Our research data supports the importance of emotional and linguistic input, along with advanced lexico-semantic processing, for the acquisition, representation, and processing of abstract conceptualizations. This PsycINFO database record, whose copyright is held by APA, is subject to all their reserved rights from 2023.

This project's core mission revolved around pinpointing factors leading to the achievement of cross-language semantic preview advantages. Experiment 1 assessed the processing of English sentences by Russian-English bilinguals, where Russian words were presented as parafoveal previews. Sentences were presented according to the principles of the gaze-contingent boundary paradigm. Critical previews of the target word included cognate translations (CTAPT-START), non-cognate translations (CPOK-TERM), and interlingual homograph translations (MOPE-SEA). For cognate and interlingual homograph translations, previewing related items resulted in faster fixation times compared to previewing unrelated items; this pattern was not found in noncognate translations. Bilingual participants with English and French language proficiency were exposed to English sentences with French words acting as parafoveal previews in Experiment 2. Target word PAIN-BREAD, within critical previews, was often rendered via interlingual homograph translations, optionally embellished by diacritics. Only interlingual homographs, absent diacritics, exhibited a discernible advantage from the robust semantic preview, even though both preview types contributed to a semantic preview benefit in the total duration of fixation. 4-PBA order Our research indicates that semantically linked previews must share a significant amount of shared letter patterns with words in the target language to generate cross-linguistic semantic preview gains in the initial stages of eye movement. In light of the Bilingual Interactive Activation+ model, activation of the language node corresponding to the target language by the preview word could be a step preceding its meaning's combination with that of the target word. PsycINFO database record copyright 2023 is exclusively reserved by APA.

The absence of assessment tools tailored to support recipients has hampered the aged-care literature's ability to document support-seeking behaviors within familial support networks. Consequently, we designed and tested a Support-Seeking Strategy Scale on a broad spectrum of aging parents receiving care from their adult children. Items, developed by a panel of experts, were administered to 389 older adults (over 60 years of age), each supported by an adult child. Participants were enlisted for the study using the Amazon Mechanical Turk and Prolific platforms. The online survey contained self-report questions aimed at understanding parents' views on support they received from their adult children. The Support-Seeking Strategies Scale's structure was best elucidated by twelve items, organized across three factors: one representing the directness of support-seeking (direct) and two reflecting the intensity of support-seeking (hyperactivated and deactivated). Adults actively seeking direct support from their children experienced more positive perceptions of that support, contrasting with those who sought support in hyperactivated or deactivated ways, whose perceptions were less positive. Older parents, when seeking support from their adult children, employ three distinct strategies: direct, hyperactivated, and deactivated. The findings imply that actively pursuing support is a more effective tactic, in contrast to the less effective tactics of persistent, intense support-seeking (hyperactivation) or suppressing the need for support (deactivation). Subsequent studies employing this metric will shed light on support-seeking within family-based elder care contexts and beyond.