F. graminearum chemotypes are mainly characterized by type B trichothecenes among which deoxynivalenol (DON), acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON and 15-ADON) and nivalenol (NIV) are the most prevalent [3]. Although the genetic background

of type B trichothecene production has been studied elaborately, a coherent view on the production profile of these mycotoxins during infection and colonization of a host is lacking and identifying or understanding mechanisms that regulate the production of these secondary metabolites remains a challenge [4–6]. To date, the role of the type B trichothecene DON during infection and colonization of plants remains a controversial issue. Using DON non-producing Fusarium strains, the importance of DON production during spread of the fungus throughout the grain host was demonstrated [4]. In concordance, DON production elicits defence responses in wheat [5]. This role for DON as a virulence factor, actively produced during the infection CDK assay process, has been confirmed in many other studies [6–8]. Notwithstanding

these compelling lines of evidence, other authors uncouple DON production from colonization and aggressiveness [9–11]. The aforementioned controversy illustrates nicely that besides the genotypical derived DON-chemotype, many environmental triggers are crucial to unequivocally delineate the DON-production by a strain of Fusarium. The involvement GS-7977 of external influences triggering DON production is further corroborated by research illustrating modulation of DON production by either abiotic factors such as aw, temperature, available carbon and/or nitrogen source, and biotic factors such as presence of other fungi [12–16]. The importance of these external triggers Montelukast Sodium in DON production is consolidated by the observation that the production

level of mycotoxins in axenic in vitro cultures is often orders of GDC 0032 datasheet magnitude lower than observed during infection and colonization of a host, suggesting that specific host signals are involved in eliciting mycotoxins production. The secondary plant signalling compound hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which is involved in plant-fungi interactions, is highlighted as an possible trigger interfering with type B trichothecene production. In previous work with F. graminearum, it was demonstrated that exogenously applied H2O2 at time of spore germination resulted in higher DON and A-DON levels 30 days later [17]. In addition, this DON accumulation was accompanied by an up-regulation of the tri gene machinery, responsible for DON biosynthesis [18, 19]. Moreover, liquid cultures of F. graminearum supplied with H2O2 started to produce H2O2 themselves and the kinetics of this paralleled with DON accumulation [19] indicating a link between DON production and oxidative stress. Notwithstanding this clear observation, underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Recently, evidence is brought forward that the response of Fusarium to H2O2 is chemotype dependent. Ponts et al.