Figure 1B shows the number of rolling leukocytes in the post-sinusoidal selleck chemicals llc venules of mice receiving sham or endotoxin treatment, and resuscitation with either saline, AGP, or HAS. No significant differences in this parameter were observed, either between sham and LPS-treated mice receiving the same resuscitation fluid or different fluids. A different picture was found with respect to leukocyte adhesion to the post-sinusoidal venules;

as shown in Figure 1C, LPS administration, significantly elevated adherence by greater than 10-fold in saline-treated animals relative to sham. HAS treatment did not diminish this increased adherence. In contrast, mice receiving LPS and fluid resuscitation with AGP exhibited no statistically significant elevation in leukocyte adhesion in the venules compared to sham, and the number of adherent leukocytes was significantly less than in the case of the saline- or HAS-resuscitated mice. In contrast, as shown in Figure 1D, significantly increased leukocyte adhesion in the sinusoids in response to LPS and relative to sham treatments was seen in the case of all three resuscitation fluids. Sinusoidal flow (Figure 1E) was essentially unaffected by sham treatment

in saline, AGP, or HAS treatment groups, but declined Amrubicin significantly selleck chemical in response to LPS in saline and HAS-treated mice. In contrast, AGP treatment eliminated the reduction in flowing sinusoids observed with the other two resuscitation fluids. AGP elicited similar anti-inflammatory effects in the CLP model as it did in the endotoxemic mice. As shown in Figure 2B, no statistically significant differences were noted in the flux of rolling leukocytes among the four groups of mice. In contrast,

the 9.2-fold elevation of leukocyte adhesion in the saline-treated CLP mice (compared to sham-operated animals) was significantly reduced, to 4.3-fold, by AGP fluid administration, although the AGP treatment did not reduce leukocyte adherence down to baseline levels (see Figure 2C). In the sinusoids, a more pronounced anti-inflammatory effect of AGP was apparent in CLP than in endotoxemia, in that AGP resuscitation eliminated the CLP-associated increase in leukocyte adhesion that was observed relative to sham controls in the saline-treated cohort (see Figure 2D). As shown in Figure 2E, saline resuscitation failed to prevent an approximately 25% reduction in the number of flowing sinusoids in CLP versus sham-operated mice, but AGP fluid resuscitation significantly protected sinusoidal flow and eliminated CLP-associated sinusoidal blockage.