For gradual freezing, vials were placed within a styrofoam container which was then placed at -80°C. After 24 hours, vials were transferred to racks and stored at -80°C. For recovery, vials were thawed by incubation in a 37°C water bath followed by addition of 2 volumes 37°C HMM. Serial 5-fold dilutions were plated on solid HMM + uracil medium to enumerate viable colony forming units (cfu) for each freezing condition and results were compared to cfu counts before freezing. Cbp1 production assay Histoplasma yeast were grown in liquid HMM media to an optical density at 595 nm of 3.2 – 3.8. Histoplasma yeast were removed by centrifugation

for 5 minutes at 2000 × g. The supernatant was further SB202190 mw clarified by centrifugation for 5 minutes at 15,000 × g. SDS-

and DTT-containing protein sample buffer was added to culture supernatants and the proteins separated by 12% poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis using a Ro 61-8048 molecular weight Tris-tricine buffer system. The major culture filtrate proteins were visualized by silver staining of gels. Acknowledgements We thank Bill Goldman and members of the Goldman laboratory for providing the WU15 uracil auxotroph and the Agrobacterium strain and vector. This work was supported by an American Heart Association research grant (0865450D) for the analysis of Histoplasma pathogenesis. References 1. Ajello L: The medical mycological iceberg. HSMHA Health Rep 1971,86(5):437–448.CrossRefPubMed Mdivi1 purchase 2. Goodwin RA, Loyd JE, Des Prez RM: Histoplasmosis in normal hosts. Medicine (Baltimore) 1981,60(4):231–266. 3. Rippon JW: Histoplasmosis ( Histoplasmosis casulati ). Medical Mycology: the Pathogenic Fungi and the Pathogenic Actinomycetes 3 Edition Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co 1988, 381–423. 4. Kobayashi GS, Medoff G, Maresca B, Sacco M, Kumar BV: Studies on Phase Transitions in the

Dimorphic Pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum. Fungal Dimorphism (Edited by: Szaniszlo PJ). New York: Plenum Press 1985, 69–91. 5. Medoff G, Maresca B, Lambowitz Protein kinase N1 AM, Kobayashi G, Painter A, Sacco M, Carratu L: Correlation between pathogenicity and temperature sensitivity in different strains of Histoplasma capsulatum. J Clin Invest 1986,78(6):1638–1647.CrossRefPubMed 6. Medoff G, Sacco M, Maresca B, Schlessinger D, Painter A, Kobayashi GS, Carratu L: Irreversible block of the mycelial-to-yeast phasetransition of Histoplasma capsulatum. Science 1986,231(4737):476–479.CrossRefPubMed 7. Nemecek JC, Wuthrich M, Klein BS: Global control of dimorphism and virulence in fungi. Science 2006,312(5773):583–588.CrossRefPubMed 8. Nguyen VQ, Sil A: Temperature-induced switch to the pathogenic yeast form of Histoplasma capsulatum requires Ryp1, a conserved transcriptional regulator. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008,105(12):4880–4885.CrossRefPubMed 9. Hwang L, Hocking-Murray D, Bahrami AK, Andersson M, Rine J, Sil A: Identifying phase-specific genes in the fungal pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum using a genomic shotgun microarray.