Gasholder emissions were measured on-site and compared with the workplace exposure limits (WELs) currently in use in UK. While levels for most of the toxic compounds were far lower than WELs, benzene air-concentrations where found to be above the accepted threshold. In addition

due to the long exposure periods involved in gasholder decommissioning and the significant contribution given by naphthalene to the total coal tar vapour concentration, the adoption of a WEL for naphthalene may need to be considered to support operators in preventing human Selleckchem PKC412 health risk at the workplace. The Level I fugacity approach used in this study demonstrated its suitability for applications to sealed environments such as gasholders and its further refining could provide a useful tool

for land remediation risk assessors. AR-13324 (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“In the course of a chemotaxonomical study of Castanopsis species (Fagaceae), detailed investigation of the leaves of C. sclerophylla led to isolation of three new phenolic compounds together with 62 known compounds. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated as 2-O-galloyl-O-4,6-(S)-valoneoyl-D-glucose (1), 6-O-galloyl-1-O-vanilloyl-beta-D-glucose (2), and 4 ”-O-galloylchestanin (3) by means of spectroscopic analyses and enzymatic hydrolysis with tannase. Comparison with other Castanopsis species indicated that C. sclerophylla characteristically accumulates chlorogenic acid and a dimeric ellagitannin, rugosin E. Triterpene hexahydroxydiphenoyl esters, which are major constituents of C. cuspidata var. sieboldii, C. hystrix, and C. fissa were not detected. (C) 2011 Phytochemical Society of Europe. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose of review

The need for sedation for procedures performed outside the operating room has

increased dramatically, and pediatric procedural sedation (PPS) is increasingly Alvocidib solubility dmso performed by practitioners who are not anesthesiologists. With ‘sedationists’ emerging from various specialties, there are differences in practice and guidelines with regards to presedation assessment, targeted depths of sedation, monitoring requirements, and the training required. Our aim is to identify some of the recent advances in PPS and to describe progress towards greater standardization of practice.

Recent findings

Several studies report attempts to optimize the efficacy of specific pharmaceuticals used in PPS. Ketamine, a dissociative agent, functions uniquely and requires its own sedation practice guidelines. Utilizing less invasive administration of sedation via transmucosal and inhaled routes is gaining popularity. Additionally, replacing subjective measurement of depths of the sedation continuum and the nonstandardized definitions of adverse events with alternatives based on physiological parameters and/or required rescue interventions is underway.