Herein, the i.p. injection of PNV caused perivascular edema in venules of the microcirculation of hippocampus indicating that the BBB was also permeated. The incidence of perivascular edema was higher in young animals than in adult animals treated with PNV. However, there was variation in the number of affected vessels per region. A possible correlation between the incidences of perivascular edema and induction of Flt-1 expression by venom in P14 rats was not clear. Relative to controls there was significant increase of affected vessels in CA1 in

all time points, in CA3 at 1, 2 and 24 h and in DG at 2 h after PNV exposure. No significant incidence of vessels’ edema was noticed in CA2. Likewise, Flt-1 expression was unchanged in CA2; in CA1 it was upregulated in all time-points, in CA3 BMS-754807 purchase at 5 and

24 h and in DG it was upregulated PR-171 in vitro in all time-points. Studies have shown that Flt-1 is a signaling agent for chemotaxis in immune responses (Forstreuter et al., 2002). In non-nervous tissue, Flt-1 has been documented in asthma (Hoshino et al., 2001), eosinophil inflammatory response (Feistritzer et al., 2004) and in neutrophils infiltrate in muscle intoxicated by snake venom (Dourado et al., 2011). A number of inflammatory diseases seem to be related with Flt-1 expression and exacerbation of the pathology. In the Alzheimer disease, Flt-1 mediates microglial chemotactic inflammatory responses which contribute to increase the pathological condition (Ryu et al., 2009). Inflammatory responses are known to be associated with higher permeability and extravascular release of fluid and protein into tissue. Whether the increase of Flt-1 expression seen in P14 animals has a role in the modulation of vascular permeability through hippocampal endothelial cells and neuroinflammation is elusive so far. If

Alectinib in vivo this is confirmed it seems that the responses are non-homogeneous in relation to receptor expression in all the hippocampus of young animals. On the other hand, the hypothesis that Flt-1 upregulation could modulate positively the incidence of perivascular edema seems unlikely for adult animals. In fact, the upregulation of Flt-1 in adult animals exposed to PNV was correlated with just a trend (non-significant) for increasing the number of vessels with perivascular edema. Since Flt-1 upregulation has been also reported as a neuroprotective signaling for VEGF mediation in pathological conditions, it is likely that in adults Flt-1 acts against the neurotoxic effect of PNV, hence inhibiting the formation of perivascular edema. In line with this, the fact that Flt-1 upregulation was in general more expressive in the older than in the younger animals (120% vs. 118% in CA1, 215% vs. 100% in CA2, 288% vs. 141% in CA3 and 420% vs.