In a subsequent experiment, the aphasic patients’ performance improved

when HF probes and targets were presented alongside low frequency distracters, supporting this hypothesis. An additional study with healthy participants used dual task methodology to examine the impact of divided attention on synonym judgement. Although frequently Selleckchem SU5402 encountered words were processed more efficiently overall, the secondary task selectively disrupted performance for high but not low frequency trials. Taken together, these results show that positive effects of frequency are counteracted in SA by increases in semantic control requirements for HF words. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) serves as the messenger for both core and P proteins, with the downstream P gene translated by ribosomal leaky scanning. HBV replication begins with packaging of the pgRNA and P protein into core protein particles, followed by conversion of RNA into DNA. Genotype G has a low replication capacity due to a low pgRNA level. It has a 36-nucleotide (nt) insertion in the 5′ end of the core gene, adding 12 residues to the core protein. The insertion is needed to maintain efficient core protein expression and genome replication but causes inefficient virion secretion yet high maturity of virion DNA.

In the present study, we confirmed that the 36-nt insertion had similar effects on

core protein expression and virion secretion when it was introduced into genotype A and D clones but no learn more impact on virion Tacrolimus (FK506) genome maturity. Surprisingly, the insertion impaired genome replication in both genotypes. Transcomplementation assays suggest that increased efficiency of core protein translation diminishes ribosomal scanning toward the downstream P gene. Indeed, mutating the core gene Kozak sequence restored core protein to lower levels but increased replication of the insertion mutant. Similar mutations impaired replication in genotype G. On the other hand, replacement of the core promoter sequence of genotype G with genotype A sequence increased pgRNA transcription and genome replication, implicating this region in the low replication capacity of genotype G. Why the 36-nt insertion is present in genotype G but absent in other genotypes is discussed.”
“Information that is congruent with existing knowledge (a schema) is usually better remembered than less congruent information. Only recently, however, has the role of schemas in memory been studied from a systems neuroscience perspective. Moreover, incongruent (novel) information is also sometimes better remembered. Here, we review lesion and neuroimaging findings in animals and humans that relate to this apparent paradoxical relationship between schema and novelty.