In response to tissue stress, TCR-proximal signals undergo relocalisation toward the basal epidermis and Langerhans cells [4]. This immunological synapse-like activating interaction is uniquely sustained in healthy epidermis and suggests the recognition of physiologically expressed molecules find protocol at steady state. A series of papers was dedicated to the recognition of the

microbial ligand HMB-PP ((E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate) and related ‘phosphoantigens’ by human Vγ9/Vδ2+ T cells [5], the major γδ T-cell population in peripheral blood and unique to higher primates. Martin Davey from Matthias Eberl’s lab (Cardiff, UK) demonstrated that HMB-PP-producing live bacteria stimulate Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells when phagocytosed by human neutrophils. Traces of soluble HMB-PP

released by neutrophils are then taken up by accessory monocytes and ‘presented’ to Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells, and crosstalk of the three cell types leads to the activation and expansion of Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells as well as survival and differentiation of monocytes and neutrophils (Figure 1). In a related study, Marianne Guenot from Charlotte Behr’s lab (Bordeaux, France) provided evidence that human erythrocytes infected with the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum similarly release soluble HMB-PP into the microenvironment where it becomes accessible to Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells [6] (Figure 1). With respect to the molecular IKBKE see more mechanism of ‘phosphoantigen’ recognition by Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells, Emmanuel Scotet and Stéphane Nedellec (Nantes, France) identified an unexpected, but pivotal role for the B7-related protein butyrophilin-3A (CD277) [7, 8]. Agonist antibodies against CD277 sensitise resistant tumour cell lines to Vγ9/Vδ2 T-cell–mediated cytotoxicity, while anti-CD277 blocking antibodies abrogate the response of Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells to aminobisphosphonate-pulsed or Mycobacterium bovis BCG-infected target cells, and exogenous ‘phosphoantigens’ (Figure 1). Cordula Gründer from Jürgen Kuball’s lab (Utrecht, The Netherlands) showed data from an extensive

mutagenesis screening to map the key determinants of phosphoantigen recognition by the Vγ9/Vδ2 TCR, providing important molecular insight into the recognition process and allowing the design of an “ideal” Vγ9/Vδ2 TCR with significantly improved responsiveness both in vitro and in vivo in a humanised mouse model [9]. David Vermijlen (Gosselies, Belgium) showed that the majority of human foetal blood γδ T cells at mid-gestation expresses a semi-invariant public Vγ9/Vδ2 TCR and responds readily to HMB-PP. Interestingly, this population is later on replaced by other γδ T-cell subsets so that Vδ1+ T cells predominate at birth. Another dynamic area of research is γδ T-cell development, with a particular focus on IL-17-producing γδ T cells.