In summary, in this population of HIV-infected children predominantly with mild-to-moderate disease, initiation or change in ART was followed by improvements in linear and ponderal growth as well as improved FFM index, when compared with population-based norms, but not when compared with matched HIV-exposed, uninfected children. These differences in results according to comparison group may primarily be related to age, as younger children were disproportionally represented in the comparison to exposed, uninfected children,

R788 in vitro or power, as there were fewer matched children in the latter group. Limb muscle mass circumferences did not improve significantly nor were there changes in lean:fat ratios as measured by body fat percentage over time in the

group as a whole. Height and other measures of LBM were associated with CD4 percentage at study entry and over time, and greater truncal fat is associated with failure to achieve viral suppression. Further investigation is required to understand the physiological relationships underlying these associations. The authors would like to acknowledge the children who participated in this study and their families, the entire protocol 1010 team for their contributions and support and Jie Chin for statistical support. We are also grateful to the Women and Infant Transmission Study for sharing data on matched, uninfected children. This study was supported in part by the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group of the National Institute of Allergy http://www.selleckchem.com/products/bay-57-1293.html and Infectious Diseases and the Pediatric/Perinatal HIV Clinical Trials Network of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda Carbohydrate MD. The following sites and individuals have contributed to this study: Howard University: S. Rana, P. Yu, S. Dangol, J. Roa; Bronx Lebanon Hospital Center; St. Jude Children’s Hospital: M. Donohoe, K. Knapp, N. Patel, J. Utech; Baylor Texas Children’s Hospital: K. Owl, M. Dobmeier, M. Paul, C. Hanson; Children’s Hospital of Boston; Harlem Hospital: E. Abrams, D. Calo, M. Fere, S. Champion; North Broward Hospital District; Jacobi Medical Center:

A. Wiznia, M. Chin, K. Dorio, J. Abadi; University of Florida: J. Sleasman, R. Lawrence, C. Delany; Children’s Hospital LA: T. Dunaway, L. Heller; University of Maryland: J. Farley, M. MacFadden; State University of New York at Stony Brook: S. Nachman, M. Davi, C. Seifert, S. Muniz; Metropolitan Hospital Center: M. Bamji, I. Pathak, S. Manwani; Children’s Hospital, Oakland: A. Petru, T. Courville, K. Gold, S. Bessler; Harbor-UCLA Medical Center: M. Keller, K. Zangwill, J. Hayes, A. Gagajena; Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center: A. Higgins, M. Foca; University of Miami: C. Goldberg, M. Bissainthe, C. Mitchell, G. Scott; New York University School of Medicine: T. Hastings, M. Mintor, N. Deygoo, W. Borkowsky; University of Illinois: K. Rich; K. Hayani, J. Camacho; Children’s Hospital University of Colorado, Denver: E.