Many survey items related to education had a positive influence on knowledge, attitudes and, to a lesser buy GSK1120212 extent, professional use. The professional use of cancer predictive genetic tests in Italy might be not completely appropriate, and physicians reported a high level of interest in receiving additional

specific training in the field. Overall, this study clearly indicates that priority must be given to targeted educational programs (Mazzucco et al., 2012). However, lessons drawn from many other areas of medicine indicate that education alone may not translate into the effective and appropriate adoption of innovative practices (Greco and Eisenberg, 1993 and Grol and Grimshaw, 2003). A specific policy regarding public health genomics needs to be developed at the national level, which is currently being undertaken in Italy by the Ministry of Health (Simone et al., 2013). Additional research is needed to characterize Trichostatin A in vitro further the contextual factors that influence the incorporation of cancer predictive genetic testing into clinical practice, and the organizational changes needed within the health care system to provide these services both effectively and efficiently. The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest. This work was supported by the Agenzia Sanitaria Regionale Abruzzo, Italy, 2009

within the project: ‘I test di suscettibilità genetica al carcinoma mammario e colorettale: valutazione dell’appropriatezza dello screening in soggetti ad alto rischio in alcune regioni italiane’ (Genetic susceptibility tests for colorectal and breast cancer: assessment of appropriateness of screening in high-risk individuals in four Italian Regions). The work of Stefania Boccia was partly supported by the Associazione

Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (AIRC, Contract No. IG 10491 to S. B.). “
“In the past two decades, promoting walking and cycling has gained increased policy attention in multiple sectors including health, transport and climate change (Chief Medical Officers of England, Scotland, Wales, Carnitine dehydrogenase and Northern Ireland, 2011, Department of Health and Department for Transport, 2010, THE PEP, 2009 and WHO, 2002). It is increasingly recognised that creating a supportive built environment may play a crucial role in enabling the success of individual-level interventions (Giles-Corti, 2006) and in promoting enduring population behaviour change (Butland et al., 2007, Institute of Medicine and National Research Council of the National Academies, 2009 and NICE, 2008). Nevertheless, several reviews have highlighted the paucity of controlled, longitudinal studies evaluating new infrastructure for walking or cycling (e.g. Krizek et al., 2009, McCormack and Shiell, 2011, NICE, 2008 and Pucher et al., 2009) and many of the studies that do exist have used repeat cross-sectional rather than cohort designs (Ogilvie et al.