Methods: Twenty daily cannabis users completed a within-subject crossover study. Participants alternated between periods of ad libitum cannabis use and short-term cannabis abstinence (3 days). Placebo was administered at bedtime during one abstinence period (withdrawal test) and extended-release zolpidem, a non-benzodiazepine GABA(A) receptor agonist, was administered during the other. Polysomnographic Fludarabine mouse (PSG) sleep architecture measures, subjective ratings, and cognitive performance effects were assessed each day.
Results: During the placebo-abstinence period, participants had decreased
sleep efficiency, total sleep time, percent time spent in Stage 1 and Stage 2 sleep, REM latency and subjective sleep quality, as well as increased sleep latency and time spent in REM sleep compared with when they were using Selleck Selonsertib cannabis. Zolpidem attenuated the effects of abstinence on sleep architecture and normalized sleep efficiency scores, but had no
effect on sleep latency. Zolpidem was not associated with any significant side effects or next-day cognitive performance impairments.
Conclusions: These data extend prior research that indicates abrupt abstinence from cannabis can lead to clinically significant sleep disruption in daily users. The findings also indicate that sleep disruption associated with cannabis withdrawal can be attenuated by zolpidem, suggesting that hypnotic medications might be useful S63845 mouse adjunct pharmacotherapies
in the treatment of cannabis use disorders. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“PURPOSE: To assess how intraocular lens (IOL) formula choice affects refractive outcomes after cataract surgery using IOLMaster biometry.
SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cheltenham, United Kingdom. DESIGN: Database study.
METHODS: Hypothetical prediction errors were retrospectively calculated on prospectively collected data from electronic medical records using optimized Hoffer Q, Holladay 1, and SRK/T formulas (Sofport AO and Akreos Fit IOLs) across a range of 0.5 mm or 1.0 mm axial length (AL) subgroups.
RESULTS: In short eyes, the Hoffer Q had the lowest mean absolute error (MAE) for ALs from 20.00 to 20.99 mm. The Hoffer Q and Holladay 1 had a lower MAE than the SRK/T for ALs from 21.00 to 21.49 mm. There were no statistically significant differences in MAE for ALs from 21.50 to 21.99 mm. In medium eyes, there were no statistically significant differences in MAE for any IOL formula for ALs from 22.00 to 23.49 mm. For ALs from 23.50 to 25.99 mm, there was a trend toward lower MAEs for the Holladay 1, with statistically significant differences in 2 subgroups. In long eyes, the SRK/T had the lowest MAE, with statistically significant differences for ALs of 27.00 mm or longer.
CONCLUSIONS: The Hoffer Q performed best for ALs from 20.