Modest heritability was found for anxiety. Hostility was relatively more heritable in girls than boys. Bivariate associations between substance use and psychological measures could be attributed to a combination of common genetic and environmental factors. Among Chinese adolescents, experimentation MEK162 ARRY-162 with tobacco is familial and experimentation with alcohol is heritable. The genetic and environmental architecture of hostility differs by gender. Consistency of univariate results with western adolescent samples appears limited to the alcohol use measures. Prevention relative to cultural composition of the community. Research in multiethnic southern California communities suggests that prevention program effectiveness can be influenced by the cultural setting.

A community-based prevention trial found that youth in mixed-culture schools were more influenced by a program designed to emphasize individualist, self-enhancement prevention objectives and strategies, whereas students in predominantly Hispanic/Latino schools were more influenced by a collectivist family-oriented program that emphasized the well-being of the family and community (Johnson et al., 2005). This finding suggests that the fit of program to the sociocultural setting may be one reason that community-based prevention programs sometimes succeed and sometimes fail. Dispositional characteristics of the individual. Findings from a trial carried out in central China indicated that depression�Csmoking comorbidity determined the effectiveness of a prevention program in influencing an adolescent��s smoking trajectory.

Boys who tested high on depression and who had previously engaged in at least some cigarette smoking had flattened smoking trajectories; that is, after participating in a smoking prevention program, they were less likely to continue smoking or progress in smoking frequency than were those without the comorbidity (Sun et al., 2007). These findings suggest that the fit between program and individual dispositional characteristics is another reason that prevention programs sometimes succeed and sometimes fail. Cultural environment by disposition by program interactions (E �� P �� E). Findings from a prevention trial carried out in multiethnic southern California indicate the potential for complex cultural environment by dispositional phenotype by program interactions (Johnson et al.

, 2007). In predominantly Latino schools, larger program effects were observed for highly depressed and highly hostile youth in both the collectivist- and individualist-framed programs. In culturally mixed schools, prevention effects were greatest for low depressed GSK-3 and low hostile youth, especially in the individualist-framed program. These findings suggest a third reason why prevention programs may sometimes succeed and sometimes fail.