Participants first studied word pairs. Words in pairs were either weakly or strongly semantically related. In a subsequent retrieval task, participants distinguished between studied pairs, unstudied pairs, and recombined pairs formed from words taken from different I-BET151 purchase studied pairs. Greater activity at encoding for correct judgments to studied pairs with

strong, rather than weak, semantic relationships was assumed to index processes supporting subsequent familiarity-based responding. Greater activity for correct judgments to studied pairs than for recombined pairs identified incorrectly as studied pairs was assumed to index processes contributing to recollection-based responding. Evidence that these assumptions were reasonable was obtained in independent behavioural studies, while the outcomes of these fMRI contrasts indicated links between perirhinal cortex and familiarity, and anterior hippocampus and recollection. This functional separation is consistent with models in which the hippocampus

and perirhinal cortex support two separable processes that contribute to memories for verbal associations. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Human lymphoedema distichiasis syndrome (LDS) results from germline mutations in transcription factor FOXC2. In a mouse model, lack of lymphatic and venous valves is observed plus abnormal smooth muscle

cell recruitment to initial lymphatics. We investigated the mechanism of lymphoedema Selleck PRT062607 in humans with FOXC2 mutations, specifically the effect of gravitational forces on dermal lymphatic function. Methods: We performed Evofosfamide molecular weight (1) quantitative fluorescence microlymphangiography (FML) on the skin of the forearm (non-swollen region) at heart level, and the foot (swollen region) below heart level (dependent) and then at heart level, and (2) immunohistochemical staining of microlymphatics in forearm and foot skin biopsies, using antibodies to podoplanin, LYVE-1 and smooth muscle actin. Results: FML revealed a marked reduction in fluid uptake by initial lymphatics in the LDS foot during dependency, yet normal uptake (similar to controls) in the same foot at heart level and in LDS forearms. In control subjects, dependency did not impair initial lymphatic filling. Immunohistochemical microlymphatic density in forearm and foot did not differ between LDS and controls. Conclusions: FOXC2 mutations cause a functional failure of dermal initial lymphatics during gravitational stress (dependency), but not hypoplasia. The results reveal a pathophysiological mechanism contributing to swelling in LDS. Copyright (C) 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“The cognition of nonverbal sounds in dementia has been relatively little explored.