Pleural effusion accompanying liver cirrhosis is usually right sided (66%), but may be bilateral (17%) or left-sided (17%).8 Although the pathogenesis of hepatic hydrothorax is not fully understood, peritoneo-pleural

communication is suggested as one of the significant causes.9 Hepatic hydrothorax can be seen in the absence of ascites due to the negative intrathoracic pressure during breathing, drawing the peritoneal fluid through diaphragmatic defects into the pleural cavity. Radioisotopes3,4 and indocyanine green5 are useful for Nutlin-3a in vitro detecting the transdiaphragmatic passage of ascitic fluid into the pleural cavity. Direct demonstration of a diaphragmatic defect with non-invasive imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging, is extremely CP-868596 solubility dmso difficult, as the defect itself is usually quite small.10

A method allowing direct observation of the diaphragm by thoracoscopy has been reported,11 but is not generally performed because of the highly invasive nature of the procedure. Ultrasonography contrast agent is used mainly for intravascular signal enhancement, but can also be used for non-vascular imaging of body cavities, such as the urinary bladder,12 uterine cavity13 or peritoneal cavity.14 Sonazoid is a second-generation microbubble agent for ultrasonography, comprising perfluorobutane microbubbles with a median diameter of 2–3 µm. Sonazoid is reconstituted with 2 mL sterile water for injection.15 In the present study, we tried to detect the movement of ascitic fluid into the pleural space by ultrasonography with Sonazoid. The appropriate dosage for an intraperitoneal injection of Sonazoid has not been determined, so we used the

dosage applied in intravenous infusion. As a result, the passage of the contrast agent from the peritoneal cavity to the pleural space was clearly demonstrated only several seconds to 10 min after Sonazoid injection in five patients. These five patients were all diagnosed with hepatic hydrothorax. Moreover, movement of ascitic fluid into the pleural cavity was observed in real time. Ultrasonography contrast agent injected into the abdominal cavity reportedly spreads uniformly in approximately 8 min.14 Enhancement of the pleural cavity was observed within 1 min after Sonazoid MCE公司 injection in four of five patients in this study because the injection point was near the right diaphragm. Velocity of ascitic fluid movement into the pleural cavity is reportedly proportional to the pressure difference between the pleural and peritoneal cavities.16 We therefore supposed the following from the results of this study. In three of the five patients diagnosed with hepatic hydrothorax and showing turbinated enhancement, a large pressure difference between the pleural and peritoneal cavities caused a large volume of Sonazoid to move into the pleural cavity. A small pressure difference probably caused slower diffusion of Sonazoid in the two patients with enhancement spots.