Since Pneumocystis infection results in lung damage, cellular components released may also cause differential gene expression. Among the top 10 up-regulated genes during PCP, the chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 (Cxcl10) gene was the most highly up-regulated one with a 12-fold increase in expression. CXCL10 binds to the chemokine receptor CXCR3 [50] and chemoattracts monocytes, macrophages, T cells, NCT-501 NK cells, and dendritic cells. It also promotes adhesion of T cells to endothelial cells [51, 52]. The high degree of CXCL10 up-regulation suggests the attempts of the host to enhance AM phagocytosis. The other top up-regulated genes include Spp1, S100A9, Rsad2, S100A8, Nos2,

RT1-Bb, Lcn2, RT1-Db1, and Srgn. These genes encode the secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1), calgranulin A and B complex (S100A8/S100A9), radical S-adenosyl Selleckchem FRAX597 methionine domain containing 2 (RSAD2),

inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2), class II MHC Bβ, lipocalin-2 (LCN2), class II MHC Dβ, and serglycin (SRGN) proteins, respectively. As described above, the SPP1 protein plays a role in the activation of both innate and adaptive immunity. The calgranulin A and B complex (S100A8/S100A9) click here have been shown to be a damage-associated pattern molecule which mediates inflammatory responses and recruits inflammatory cells to sites of tissue damage [53]. It can also modulate polymerization of microtubules during migration of phagocytes and induces inflammatory responses in leucocytes and endothelial cells [54, 55]. Their up-regulation in expression during PCP also shows the importance of phagocytosis in the defense against Pneumocystis infection. The RSAD2 protein is also known as viperin. It is an endoplasmic reticulum-associated, interferon-inducible virus inhibitory protein and has been shown to be required for optimal Th2 responses and T-cell receptor-mediated activation of NF-κB and AP-1 [56]. The NOS2 (iNOS) protein is responsible for the production of nitric oxide which is an antimicrobial compound [57]. The lipocalin-2

protein (LCN2) is a component of granules in neutrophils from tissues that are normally exposed to microorganisms. Its level is increased during inflammation [58]. LCN2 exerts bacteriostatic effects by its ability to capture and deplete siderophores that are small iron-binding molecules synthesized Florfenicol by certain bacteria as a means of iron acquisition [58]. Although Pneumocystis siderophores have not been identified and the role of LCN2 in PCP is unknown, iron is known to be essential for the proliferation of Pneumocystis [59], and deferoxamine, which is an iron chelator, has been used to treat PCP in animal models [59]. Serglycin (SRGN) is a proteoglycan mainly produced by hematopoietic and endothelial cells [60]. It plays an important role in the formation of several types of storage granules, especially in mast cells [61].