skirrowii 15 12 12 12 8 17 13 10 9 7 14 A. thereius 4 3 3 3 4 5 3 3 2 2 4 A. cibarius 8 1 1 1 3 3 2 2 2 4 5 TOTAL 374 146 120 111 119 334 236 220 191 155 290

Table 4 Diversity of Arcobacter alleles and sequence types.     aspA atpA glnA gltA glyA1 glyA2 pgm tkt A. butzleri VSa 58 47 45 36 72 58 83 66   d n /d s b 0.016 0.093 0.024 0.000 0.087 0.085 0.024 0.032 A. cryaerophilus VS 91 66 100 70 140 143 78 73   d n /d s 0.038 0.053 0.051 0.058 0.125 0.135 0.050 0.046 A. skirrowii VS 30c 22 66c 11 75 69 13 35   d n /d s 0.057 0.030 0.142 0.118 0.128 0.114 0.145 0.181 a. Variable sites b. Ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous sites. c. An additional 53 and 37 variable sites are present within the aspA and glnA loci, respectively, when A. skirrowii ST-243 GSK1210151A mouse is included in the calculations. The identification of MLST alleles {Selleck Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Selleck Antidiabetic Compound Library|Selleck Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Selleck Antidiabetic Compound Library|Selleckchem Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Selleckchem Antidiabetic Compound Library|Selleckchem Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Selleckchem Antidiabetic Compound Library|Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Antidiabetic Compound Library|Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Antidiabetic Compound Library|Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Antidiabetic Compound Library|Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Antidiabetic Compound Library|Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Antidiabetic Compound Library|Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Antidiabetic Compound Library|Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Antidiabetic Compound Library|Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Antidiabetic Compound Library|Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Antidiabetic Compound Library|buy Anti-diabetic Compound Library|Anti-diabetic Compound Library ic50|Anti-diabetic Compound Library price|Anti-diabetic Compound Library cost|Anti-diabetic Compound Library solubility dmso|Anti-diabetic Compound Library purchase|Anti-diabetic Compound Library manufacturer|Anti-diabetic Compound Library research buy|Anti-diabetic Compound Library order|Anti-diabetic Compound Library mouse|Anti-diabetic Compound Library chemical structure|Anti-diabetic Compound Library mw|Anti-diabetic Compound Library molecular weight|Anti-diabetic Compound Library datasheet|Anti-diabetic Compound Library supplier|Anti-diabetic Compound Library in vitro|Anti-diabetic Compound Library cell line|Anti-diabetic Compound Library concentration|Anti-diabetic Compound Library nmr|Anti-diabetic Compound Library in vivo|Anti-diabetic Compound Library clinical trial|Anti-diabetic Compound Library cell assay|Anti-diabetic Compound Library screening|Anti-diabetic Compound Library high throughput|buy Antidiabetic Compound Library|Antidiabetic Compound Library ic50|Antidiabetic Compound Library price|Antidiabetic Compound Library cost|Antidiabetic Compound Library solubility dmso|Antidiabetic Compound Library purchase|Antidiabetic Compound Library manufacturer|Antidiabetic Compound Library research buy|Antidiabetic Compound Library order|Antidiabetic Compound Library chemical structure|Antidiabetic Compound Library datasheet|Antidiabetic Compound Library supplier|Antidiabetic Compound Library in vitro|Antidiabetic Compound Library cell line|Antidiabetic Compound Library concentration|Antidiabetic Compound Library clinical trial|Antidiabetic Compound Library cell assay|Antidiabetic Compound Library screening|Antidiabetic Compound Library high throughput|Anti-diabetic Compound high throughput screening| associated with particular food animal sources was first described in C. coli [32]. However, analysis of the A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus MLST alleles and STs revealed no apparent host-association. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis of A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus alleles and STs did not identify any clusters or groups associated with geographic origin The d n /d s ratio (i.e., the ratio of substitution check details rates at non-synonymous and synonymous sites) was substantially

< 1 for all of the MLST loci characterized in this study (Table 4), ranging from 0.000 at A. butzleri gltA to 0.181 at A. skirrowii tkt. These low values for the Arcobacter MLST loci are consistent with those described previously for Campylobacter [24, 27, 29], indicating that those loci in both genera are not subject to positive selection. many The presence of a large number of MLST alleles within the Arcobacter

sample set might indicate that the Arcobacter MLST alleles are genetically unstable, prone to change either by accumulation of point mutations or horizontal gene transfer. Four A. butzleri type strain isolates, obtained from different labs and including the genome sequence strain RM4018, were typed in this study. In addition, 17 related strains, isolated after passage of the A. butzleri type strain through swine, were also typed. As expected, all 21 strains were the same sequence type, ST-1, and contained the same glyA2 allele (data not shown), suggesting that A. butzleri STs are relatively stable, even after passage through a food animal. Association of Arcobacter alleles and STs with species and subgroups Within each of the aspA, atpA, glnA, gltA, pgm and tkt loci, phylogenetically discrete clusters were identified that associated with species (data not shown). An example is illustrated in Figure 1A for the atp locus, showing that the A. butzleri, A. skirrowii, A. thereius and A. cryaerophilus alleles form distinct groups. However, for the latter species two separate clusters, termed here ‘group 1′ and ‘group 2′ were observed.