Specifically, the children stood straight with their legs close together and arms hanging naturally. Hip circumference was measured along the greater trochanter (accuracy: 0.1 cm). The criteria for overweight/obesity were developed by the Institute of Child and Adolescent Health of Beijing University for Chinese school-age children and adolescents according to BMI [26], which is specific for age and gender. As shown in Table  1, 84 were diagnosed with overweight/obesity (62 with overweight; 22 with obesity), and the mean age was 9.82 ± 1.96 y, and 91 children had normal BMI with a mean age of 9.92 ± 1.98

y. Table 1 Sequences of primers Primer Name Sequence (5’-3’) Tm (°C) Target length Firm-primer-F GTCAGCTCGTGTCGTGA 60°C 178 bp Firm-primer-R CCATTGTAKYACGTGTGT 60°C   Firm-probe VIC-GTCAANTCATCATGCC-MGBNFQ 65°C   Bact-primer-F AGCAGCCGCGGTAAT 60°C 183 bp AZD1152 order Bact-primer-R CTAHGCATTTCACCGCTA 60°C   Bact-probe FAM-CCCTTTAAACCC-MGBNFQ 65°C   Stool collection boxes were given to each study participant with instructions on proper collection. Fresh feces were collected in the early morning. In the event that the children did not defecate in the early morning, feces were collected at any time of the morning. After collection, the fecal specimens were sent to the physical examination room and stored at −20°C. Real-time quantitative Compound C order PCR (Q-PCR) Total DNA was extracted

from the gut microbiota isolated from the fecal samples. Specifically, the samples were thawed, and total DNA was extracted from 0.2-0.4 g of the feces using a rapid DNA extraction kit (Beijing BioTeke Corporation, Beijing, China). Isolated DNA was then stored at −20°C until subsequent use in Q-PCR. To prepare the DNA standards, a sequence with 483 bp in length was prepared and inserted into the PCR®-Blunt II TOPO® vector (Invitrogen, USA). To generate the standard curve, the absolute number of template was 1010/μL. The following serial dilutions of the original solution were used to generate the standard curve: 108/μL, 107/μL, 106/μL,

105/μL, 104/μL and 103/μL. The standard curves were obtained using the ABI 7500 Fast Q-PCR detecting system (Applied Biosystem, USA) and 7000 System SDS Software for qPCR. To determine the absolute number of Bacteroidetes next and Firmicutes in the gut microbiota, primers and probes (Invitrogen, Grand Island, NY) for the conservative sequence of the 16S rRNA genes of both strains were see more synthesized according to those described previously (Table  1) [27–31] along with the Platinum® Taq DNA polymerase (Invitrogen). PCR reactions were denatured at 95°C for 2 min followed by 45 cycles of 95°C for 15 s and 60°C for 1 min. Statistical analysis Data were presented as means ± standard deviations (mean ± SD) for continuous data and n (%) for categorical data.