To evaluate fungicide effectiveness and profitability, researchers examined data from 66 uniform fungicide trials (UFTs) across eight states (Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee) conducted between 2012 and 2021. The trials focused on fungicide applications at the R3 pod development stage, including azoxystrobin + difenoconazole (AZOX + DIFE), difenoconazole + pydiflumetofen (DIFE + PYDI), pyraclostrobin (PYRA), pyraclostrobin + fluxapyroxad + propiconazole (PYRA + FLUX + PROP), tetraconazole (TTRA), thiophanate-methyl (TMET), thiophanate-methyl + tebuconazole (TMET + TEBU), and trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole (TFLX + PROT). The model for network meta-analysis encompassed both the base-10 logarithm of the average FLS severity and the unadjusted mean yields for each treatment group, including the untreated group. The percent decrease in disease severity and corresponding yield increase (in kg/ha) relative to the untreated group was lowest for PYRA (11% and 136 kg/ha), and highest for DIFE+PYDI (57% and 441 kg/ha). Using year as a continuous independent variable, the model demonstrated a notable decline in the efficacy of PYRA (18 percentage points [p.p.]), TTRA (27 p.p.), AZOX + DIFE (18 p.p.), and TMET + TEBU (19 p.p.) over time. The most significant finding was that DIFE+PYDI, the most potent fungicide, possessed the highest probability of breaking even (more than 65%), in contrast to PYRA, which had the lowest (under 55%). Decisions pertaining to fungicide programs can be bolstered through the utilization of the results from this meta-analysis.

The Phytopythium species, soil-borne plant pathogens, are known to be harmful to vegetation. Important plant species, experiencing root rot and damping-off, can lead to substantial financial setbacks. Macadamia integrifolia in Yunnan Province, China, was found to be affected by soil-borne diseases, as identified in a survey undertaken in October 2021. The isolation of microbes from the necrotic roots of 23 trees exhibiting root rot symptoms was performed using 3P (Haas 1964) and P5APR (Jeffers and Martin, 1986) cornmeal-based oomycete-selective media, incubated in the dark at 24°C for seven days. pediatric oncology Amongst the fifty-six single-hyphal isolates obtained, eighteen displayed morphological characteristics akin to Phytopythium vexans as described by van der Plaats-Niterink (1981) and de Cock et al. (2015). Isolates LC04 and LC051 were selected as subjects for molecular study. Utilizing universal primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al., 1990), the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was PCR-amplified, and, concurrently, the cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (CoxII) gene was amplified using oomycete-specific primers Cox2-F/Cox2-RC4 (Choi et al., 2015). The sequences derived from PCR products, using the corresponding amplification primers, were submitted to GenBank (Accession no.). Isolate LC04's ITS sequences are OM346742 and OM415989, and isolate LC051's CoxII sequences are OM453644 and OM453643. The GenBank nr database BLAST search, for all four sequences, yielded Phytopythium vexans as the top hit, with identity exceeding 99%. Based on concatenated ITS and CoxII sequences from type or voucher specimens, a maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree was generated for 13 Phytopythium species. This tree places these species within the same phylogenetic clade as P. vexans (Table 1; Bala et.). At the close of 2010, . The isolates LC04 and LC051 showed a strong phylogenetic affinity to P. vexans, with LC051 at the base and sister to LC04 and the P. vexans voucher CBS11980, all receiving 100% bootstrap support within the phylogenetic tree (Figure 1). Within a completely randomized experimental framework, millet seed inoculated with agar pieces harboring P. vexans LC04 and LC51 served as the material for establishing Koch's postulates, as articulated in Li et al. (2015). Four examples of the *M. integrifolia* variety, six months old. Using a pasteurized commercial potting mix containing 0.5% (w/w) inoculum, Keaau (660) seedlings were transplanted. Daily watering was provided to plants cultivated in free-draining pots. After fourteen days of inoculation, the roots showed a variation in color compared to the control plants that had been inoculated with millet seed and agar plugs that were free from P. vexans (Figure 2). Thirty days post-inoculation, infected roots displayed visible discoloration and decay, resulting in a decrease in root system size. As for the control plants, they did not manifest any symptoms. From two lesioned roots taken from each plant, P. vexans was successfully re-isolated. Proteases inhibitor M. integrifolia root disease was observed twice in the infection experiment, conclusively implicating P. vexans LC04 and LC51 as the causative agents. Seven plant species in China, alongside economically valuable trees globally, are vulnerable to root rot, damping-off, crown rot, stem rot, and patch canker induced by P. vexans (Farr and Rossman 2022). China's first report details the pathogenic presence of P. vexans on M. integrifolia. Reports of the pathogenic *P. vexans* across diverse host species and geographical locations strongly indicate its potential as a quarantine threat, necessitating inclusion within pest management strategies alongside Phytopythium, Pythium, and Phytophthora species, with which *P. vexans* shares considerable morphological similarities (de Cock et al., 2015).

Corn (Zea mays) in the Republic of Korea, a cereal grain that is plentiful in dietary fiber and various vitamins, is a frequently consumed staple food. Corn fields in Goesan, Republic of Korea, experienced a survey of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) in August of 2021. Employing modified Baermann funnel techniques, PPNs were isolated from corn roots and soil, followed by identification via morphological and molecular methods. Of the 21 fields sampled, encompassing their roots and soil, 5 exhibited infection by stunt nematodes, accounting for 23.8% of the total. From soil around corn plants in India, Tylenchorhynchus zeae was initially described and is now recognized for its ability to induce dwarfing of plants and cause their leaves to turn yellow, as evidenced by Sethi and Swarup (1968). Regarding morphology, the females' characteristics mirrored those of T. zeae, possessing a cylindrical body and exhibiting a subtle ventral curvature after being fixed. A slight offset of the lip region from the body is accompanied by four discernible annuli. Anteriorly flattened knobs on the stylet, the vulva was centrally located, exhibiting a didelphic-amphidelphic reproductive system, and a conoid tail. The tail terminus was obtuse and smooth, with four incisures areolated throughout the body. Cell wall biosynthesis The forms of male bodies, while displaying a correspondence to female bodies, presented a differentiated tail shape, featuring robust bursae and spicules (Figure S1). Consistent with the findings of Alvani et al. (2017) and Xu et al. (2020), the morphology of Korean populations aligned with the described morphology of populations in India and China. From ten female samples, light microscopy (Leica DM5000/DFC450) yielded average, standard deviation, and range values for body length (5532 ± 412 µm, 4927-6436 µm), maximum body width (194 ± 10 µm, 176-210 µm), stylet length (181 ± 4 µm, 175-187 µm), anterior-vulva distance/body length (585 ± 13%, 561-609%), tail length (317 ± 12 µm, 303-340 µm), and anterior-excretory pore distance (965 ± 18 µm, 941-994 µm). Along with PCR amplification of the 28S rDNA D2-D3 segments, using primers D2A and D3B, the ITS region was also amplified using primers TW81 and AB28. The sequences of the 28S rDNA D2-D3 segments (accession numbers ON909086, ON909087, and ON909088), and the ITS region (accession numbers ON909123, ON909124, and ON909125), were newly obtained and submitted to the GenBank database. KJ461565 demonstrated 100% identity with the 28S rDNA D2-D3 segment sequences, and the BLASTn search of the ITS region sequences showed the greatest similarity to T. zeae (KJ461599), a species isolated from corn in Spain. These populations' ITS region sequences shared a striking 99.89% identity (893/894), with no instances of insertion or deletion variations. T. zeae's phylogenetic placement is strongly supported by the relationships observed within the population sample (Figure S2). Analysis of phylogenetic relationships for the two genes was undertaken using PAUP 4.0 and MrBayes 3.1.2. Greenhouse testing of pathogenicity involved a modified Koch's postulates approach, inoculating 100 male and female samples onto each of five seedling corn pots (variety). The sterilized sandy soil-filled Daehakchal was maintained at 25 degrees Celsius for 60 days, all within a controlled environment. The final soil pot analysis for the trial period showcased a Tylenchorhynchus zeae reproduction factor of 221,037. Confirmation of the damage symptoms in the greenhouse pots trial, characterized by stunted and swollen roots, and dwarfed and yellowing leaf shoots, matched the typical signs. According to our current understanding, this marks the inaugural report of T. zeae in the Republic of Korea. The host spectrum of T. zeae extends to economically valuable crops like cabbage, cauliflower, grapevines, and olives, as evidenced by the research of Chen et al. (2007) and Handoo et al. (2014). Investigating the damage caused by this nematode to South Korea's economic crops is a necessary undertaking.

Exotic houseplants, such as Adenium (Adenium obesum) and avocado (Persea americana), are frequently cultivated in city apartments throughout Kazakhstan. Apartment residents in Saryarqa District, Astana, Kazakhstan witnessed wilting of the young stems on five two-year-old Aloe obesum plants in April and May 2020. The apartment's coordinates were 71°25' East, 51°11' North. From a lush green, the leaves succumbed to autumn's touch, morphing into a delicate yellow before completely drying. Figure 1A showcases the complete wilting of the plants which happened within ten days. A. obesum plants, newly grown, displayed similar symptoms in November of 2021. Lesions were found on the leaves of three 3-month-old P. americana plants, happening at the same time.