Table 2.Fuel cell testing flowchart.4.1. Constant Voltage TestFigures 9 to to1111 plot the selleck chem inhibitor output temperature and potential at constant voltages 0.8 V, 0.6 V and 0.4 V. The figures indicate that the temperature difference between upstream and midstream is approximately 3 ��C. The temperature upstream becomes more different from the midstream one with time, while the midstream temperature is quite stable.Figure Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries 9.Voltage and temperature difference at constant voltage 0.8 V.Figure 11.Voltage and temperature difference at constant voltage 0.4 V.4.2. Constant Current TestFigures 12 to to1313 plot the output temperature and voltage at constant currents of 2 A and 4.5 A. According to these figures, the temperature difference between upstream and midstream is around 1 ��C.

At the higher current output, the difference between the power densities upstream and midstream is about 5.86 mW/cm2.Figure 12.Voltage and temperature difference at 2 A constant current.Figure 13.Voltage and temperature difference at 4.5 A constant current.4.3. Constant P TestFigures 14 to to1515 plot the output temperature Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries and voltage at constant powers of 1.5 W and 0.5 W. The power density at constHg(II) is a highly toxic element that is found both naturally and as an introduced contaminant in the environment. Hg(II) is widely distributed in the Earth��s crust, sea water, ground and rain water, and its toxic effects on biological systems through direct uptake as well as by accumulation in food chain are well known [1]. Average Hg(II) level in the atmosphere are 3�C6 fold higher Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries than the pre-industrial estimates [2].

Hg(II) pollution has always been the area of concern. History records several major cases of Hg(II) poisoning. Among them the infamous Mina Mata tragedy in 1956 where Hg(II) was dumped into the sea and residents of the Mina Mata bay, Japan area began coming down with a strange nervous disorder [3]. The persistent nature Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries of Hg(II) and its ill effect for years is supported by recent report on high concentration of Hg(II) in the water of Bhopal, India [4]. Atmospheric deposition of Hg(II) contains three principal forms, although the major component is inorganic Hg as Hg(II). Due to its high toxicity World Health Organization has set a limit for Hg(II) in drinking water which is 0.001 ��g?mL?1 for water quality monitoring purposes [5].

This necessitates extensive study of existing analytical methods, identifying the gap between them and developing alternative methods for simple and quick determination of Hg(II) in the environment at very low concentrations.Several analytical methods such as atomic absorption spectrometry, liquid chromatography with inductively Batimastat coupled plasma mass spectrometry and others have been developed for Hg(II) analysis [6]. These techniques, although very sensitive for Hg(II) analysis, require extensive sample pretreatment, they use large amounts of organic selleck catalog solvent and do not give toxicological information.