The antimicrobial activity of Bacillus sp. CS93 was assayed using either the agar well technique or the disc plate method on TSA plates that were swabbed with a 24-h-old culture of the test strain. An aliquot (1 mL) of Bacillus sp. CS93 culture was centrifuged and the supernatant was lyophilized and resuspended in sterile water (100 μL), filtered and transferred to the agar well or a paper disc. After a 24-h incubation, the zone of clearing was measured to assess the biological activity. Control experiments were conducted in which the supernatant from B. subtilis NCIMB 8565 was assayed; this bacterium does not produce lipopeptide antibiotics when cultured under the

5-FU ic50 same conditions. Bacillus genomic DNA was isolated according to the method of Kieser et al. (2000). PCR reactions were conducted in a Biometra Tpersonal PCR thermocycler. FlexiTaq polymerase (Promega) was used for amplification of both genomic and plasmid DNA templates in the appropriate supplied buffer. Each reaction contained dNTPs (2.5 μM each), MgCl2 (1.5 mM) and oligonucleotide see more primers (0.5–1 μM, MWG Biotech, Germany). Each reaction was made up to a final volume of 50 μL using sterile deionized water. The primers used for the amplification of the bac gene cluster were BacFor (5′-GATCAACACGCTCGGTCCTGAAGG-3′)

and BacRev (5′-GGCCCTGAATCTGGTTCGCCGC-3′). For nonribosomal peptide biosynthetic genes, the degenerated primers were YTSFor (5′-TAYACIWSIGGIACIACIGG-3′) and LGG (5′-AWIGARKSICCICCIRRSIMRAARAA-3′), where Y=C or T, W=A or T, S=G or C, R=A or G, K=G or T and M=A or C. Removal of excess dNTPs and oligonucleotide primers from PCR was carried out using the Qiaquick PCR cleanup kit (Qiagen, Hamburg, Germany). Ligation of the PCR product was achieved using the T-Easy vector kit (Promega). Ligation was carried out in a 10-μL reaction mixture containing 2 × rapid ligation buffer (5 μL), pGEM®-T Easy Vector (1 μL), PCR product (3 μL) and T4 DNA ligase. The reaction mixture was incubated for 2 h at 22 °C. Chemically competent cells of E. coli were prepared using ice-cold

calcium chloride as per the standard protocol outlined by Sambrook & Russell (2000) and stored on ice before use. Escherichia coli XL1-Blue PIK3C2G and E. coli DH5α were used for the propagation of recombinant plasmids. Competent cells (50 μL) were added to ligated plasmid DNA (10 μL). The suspension was chilled on ice for 30 min, and then heat-shocked for approximately 90 s at 42 °C before being chilled on ice for 3 min. Luria–Bertani (LB) broth (200 μL) was added to the tube and the mixture was incubated at 37 °C for 2 h to allow for expression of the ampicillin resistance gene. An aliquot (120 μL) of the reaction mixture was plated on an LB agar plate containing ampicillin (50 μg mL−1) and incubated for 18 h at 37 °C. Small-scale isolation of plasmid DNA was achieved using the Qiaprep spin miniprep kit (Qiagen).