The concentrations in the single-dosing experiments were likely determined at a point in time when concentrations were increasing or decreasing and may thus not represent maximum tissue concentrations and certainly not steady-state concentrations. Whole blood MDA concentrations were not significantly higher than in control rats after 7 wk of low-level exposure to α-cypermethrin, curcumin or α-cypermethrin plus curcumin. Simultaneous ingestion of α-cypermethrin and curcumin, however, significantly reduced MDA concentrations in comparison with exposure to α-cypermethrin alone (Table 2). α-Cypermethrin-feeding, alone or in combination with curcumin, did

not alter MDA concentrations in the liver, kidney, brain or visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues (Table 3). Application BIBW2992 concentration of a single dose of 125 mg/kg bodyweight cypermethrin by oral gavage previously Ceritinib price resulted in increased concentrations of MDA in plasma (by 54%), liver, and kidney in female

Wistar rats [9]. Other authors also reported increased markers of oxidative damage (MDA, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, or “oxidation index”) in erythrocytes, brains, livers, or kidneys after single (≥100 mg/kg bodyweight) or repeated (≥12.5 mg/kg bodyweight for ≥28 d) gastric intubation of rats [11], [13], [23], [27] and [41]. At low doses of 2.5 mg cypermethrin per kg BW for 60 d, however, no lipid peroxidation was observed in erythrocytes [27]. Whole blood concentrations of total glutathione did not differ from control in α-cypermethrin- and α-cypermethrin plus curcumin-fed rats, but were significantly lower in only curcumin-fed rats (Table 2), although the extent of the effect was small. Bacterial neuraminidase In liver and adipose tissues, reduced glutathione concentrations were similar in all groups. Only in the kidney, the combination of α-cypermethrin plus curcumin significantly increased reduced glutathione concentrations, whereas the pesticide and the phytochemical alone, did only numerically increase it (Table 3). The oxidized form of glutathione,

glutathione disulfide, was significantly higher in the kidney and subcutaneous adipose tissue and numerically increased in the liver and visceral adipose tissue of α-cypermethrin-fed rats compared to control animals (Table 3). Ingestion of curcumin did not affect glutathione disulfide concentrations in these tissues and, consequently, its co-ingestion with α-cypermethrin did not mitigate the α-cypermethrin-induced increase in glutathione disulfide concentrations (Table 3). In comparison to control, α-cypermethrin, curcumin, or the combination of both did not alter SOD activity. Compared to α-cypermethrin-fed rats, the combination of α-cypermethrin and curcumin increased SOD activity (Table 2). CAT activity in whole blood was not different between groups (Table 2).