The recollection of past experiences is also considered to be a reconstructive process with memories recreated from their component parts. Construction, therefore, plays a critical role in allowing us to plan for the future and remember the past. Conceptually, construction can be broken down into a number of constituent processes although little is known about their neural correlates. Moreover, it has been suggested that some of these processes may be shared by a number of other cognitive functions including spatial navigation and imagination. Recently, novel paradigms have been developed that allow

for the isolation and characterization of these underlying processes and their associated neuroanatomy. Here,

we selectively review this fast-growing literature and consider some implications for remembering the past and predicting the future.”
“Case Description-A 7-year-old 573-kg (1,261-lb) see more Swiss Warmblood gelding was evaluated because of signs of acute abdominal pain.

Clinical Findings-Physical examination revealed a markedly distended abdomen with subjectively reduced borborygmi in all abdominal quadrants. A large, gas-distended viscus was present at the pelvic brim preventing complete palpation of the abdomen per rectum. Ultrasonographic evaluation could not be safely performed in the initial evaluation because of severe signs of abdominal pain.

Treatment and Outcome-Ventral midline celiotomy was performed, and right dorsal displacement selleck chemicals of the ascending colon was corrected. Progressive signs of abdominal pain after surgery prompted repeat ventral midline celiotomy, and small intestinal incarceration in a large, Elafibranor inhibitor radial mesojejunal rent was detected. The incarceration was reduced, but the defect was not fully accessible for repair via the celiotomy. Repair of the mesenteric defect was not attempted, and conservative management was planned after surgery; however, signs of

colic returned. A standard laparoscopic approach was attempted from both flanks in the standing patient, but the small intestine could not be adequately mobilized for full evaluation of the rent. Hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery (HALS) allowed identification and reduction of jejunal incarceration and repair of the mesenteric rent. Although minor ventral midline incisional complications were encountered, the horse recovered fully.

Clinical Relevance-HALS techniques should be considered for repair of mesenteric rents in horses. In the horse of this report, HALS facilitated identification, evaluation, and repair of a large radial mesenteric rent that was not accessible from a ventral median celiotomy.”
“GdFe spin-valve structures, Si/bottom electrode/TbFeCo/CoFe (1 nm)/Cu (6 nm)/GdFe (10 nm)/Ru, with dimensions of 20 x 20 mu m(2) were investigated by a magneto-optical imaging technique. In a parallel configuration, i.e.