5-HT(2A) inverse agonists alone are not effective to improve NMDA-RA-impaired NOR, but augment selleck compound the effects of atypical, but not typical APDs, to improve NOR. The 5-HT(1A) receptor partial agonist tandospirone alone and the 5-HT(1A) agonist effects of atypical APDs may substitute for, or contribute to, the effects of D(2) and 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonism to reverse the NMDA-RA impairment in NOR. 5-HT(6) and 5-HT(7) receptor antagonists may also attenuate these NMDA-RA-induced behaviors. 5-HT(2C) receptor inverse agonist, but not neutral antagonists, block

NOR in na < ve rats and the effects of atypical APDs to restore NOR in PCP-treated rats, suggesting the importance of the constitutive activity of 5-HT(2C) receptors in NOR.

Multiple 5-HT receptors contribute to effective treatments to reverse adverse effects of NMDA-RA which model psychosis find more and cognitive impairment.”
“The commission of an error triggers cognitive control processes dedicated to error correction and prevention. Post-error adjustments leading to response slowing following an error (“”post-error slowing”"; PES) might be driven by changes in excitability of the motor regions and the corticospinal tract (CST). The time-course of such excitability modulations of the CST leading to PES is largely unknown. To track these

presumed excitability changes after an error, single pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was applied to the motor cortex ipsilateral to the responding hand, while participants were performing an Eriksen flanker task. A robotic arm

with a movement compensation system was used to maintain the TMS coil in the correct position during the experiment. Magnetic VX-770 nmr pulses were delivered over the primary motor cortex ipsilateral to the active hand at different intervals (150, 300, 450 ms) after correct and erroneous responses, and the motor-evoked potentials (MEP) of the first dorsal interosseous muscle (FDI) contralateral to the stimulated hemisphere were recorded. MEP amplitude was increased 450 ms after the error. Two additional experiments showed that this increase was neither associated to the correction of the erroneous responses nor to the characteristics of the motor command. To the extent to which the excitability of the motor cortex ipsi- and contralateral to the response hand are inversely related, these results suggest a decrease in the excitability of the active motor cortex after an erroneous response. This modulation of the activity of the CST serves to prevent further premature and erroneous responses. At a more general level, the study shows the power of the TMS technique for the exploration of the temporal evolution of post-error adjustments within the motor system. (c) 2013 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.