NUCmer software program was implemented for Streptomyces genome comparison, Secondary metabolite NSC 74859 501919-59-1 gene clus ters were predicted in antiSMASH with added manual curation. Indirect RNA sequencing The pre cultures of S. albus were prepared by putting a single colony from TSB agar plates into a 500 ml flask with ribs contai ning 5 matte glass balls containing 50 ml 50 ml of distilled water of liquid TSB. Pre cultures were grown for 24 h in Infors Multitron Conventional shakers at 150 rpm at 28 C. Subsequently, five ml within the pre culture was transferred into just about every of the new flasks using the very same level of media, ribs and balls. To account for your added volume, five ml of TSB was discarded just before addition within the culture. The flasks have been then positioned back within the shaker with all the identical pa rameters and each was eliminated on reaching the ap propriate pre set time point.
The complete liquid written content from the flask was finally poured right into a 50 ml Falcon Tube and spun at 5000 rpm for 10 minutes, Supernatants had been discarded along with the wet pellets were frozen at 80 C and stored on dry ice for library con struction and sequencing inside the following days. Sequence accession id The selleck Linifanib nucleotide sequence of S. albus J1074 genome has become deposited inside the GenBank database underneath acces sion quantity, The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata is usually a polyphagous insect of fantastic financial relevance. Native to Africa, this fly is now distributed around the world, with established populations in southern Europe, the Mediterranean region, Africa, Australia and a few South American countries, C. capitata was introduced to Hawaii in 1907 and regarded as established by 1910, It represents a significant and ongoing threat for the continental U.s., particularly within the agricultur ally rich regions of Florida and California.
Just about every 12 months, detections of C. capitata are produced, and efforts are ongoing to eradicate invasive populations in order to prevent more establishment and spread from the major land. For example, each week, over 250 million sterile male mass reared flies are launched in California to dis rupt establishment of invasive populations. Despite this hard work, a latest analysis of historical capture patterns recommended that C. capitata, alongside other tephritid pests, is by now established in California, Establish ment of C. capitata in parts despite mass reared sterile males release suggests a weakness or failure of this ap proach, quite possibly rooted inside the superior on the mass reared flies. The sterile insect strategy is a important and helpful tool for that control in the Mediterranean fruit fly. It makes use of laboratory reared sterile males that are launched in huge numbers to compete with wild invasive males for fertilizing females. In rearing flies for SIT plans, the presence of females in release colonies is undesirable since it minimizes the quantity of males that may be reared from a set level of diet.

Whilst the exact nat ure of those choice constraints stays to become eluci dated, it might be associated with the structural constraints at the degree of RNA construction, together with prospective regula tory RNA factors that happen to be still to get described within the HIV genome, Interestingly, when the variety of web pages characterized as structured and non structured in Watts et al. review was compared among areas classified as linked epitopes and non epitopes within this examine, the results showed that associated epitope areas are likely to harbor a substantially greater pro portion of structured than non structured internet sites whilst non epitopes harbor much more non structured than struc tured websites, Given that struc tured regions are expected to become far more evolutionary conserved on the nucleotide level to protect the capacity to form secondary or larger purchase RNA structures, this can be steady with all the general reduced degree of sequence divergence observed between connected epitopes.
How ever, no statistically important distinction was observed when the numbers of structured and unstructured web-sites were compared amongst associated epitopes and epitope regions not included within the association rule mining, This will be attributed to a range of variables, which includes the latter epitope group is a heteroge neous mixture of epitopes selleck which might be evolving with differ ent rates under distinct choice pressures, Likewise, as pointed out by Watts et al, when most structures in their studied HIV 1 model happen to be effectively characterized, some structural RNA ele ments could even now require more refinement. Discussion Total, our final results identified a set of strong associations amongst CTL and T Helper epitopes that co come about from the bulk within the HIV one genomes globally and might be regarded as robust candidates for multi epitope vac cine and or therapy targets.
There are quite a few attempts to style and design multi epitope vaccines working with various techniques for your epitope selection, that’s one among the most significant ways in a multi epitope vaccine style. Some research have advised computer system primarily based GSK1838705A epitope prediction tactics for such choice, whilst accuracy of in silico approaches for prediction of epitopes continues to be debated, It’s been proposed that a mixture of epitopes representing variable areas or potential escape variants is often made use of to conquer enor mous viral diversity of HIV, Indeed, some of the hypervariable regions are actually shown to be strongly immunogenic eliciting broad cross subtype spe cific responses, On the other hand, such remarkably variable areas may not account for critical functional or structural options with the virus, whilst epitopes which are tremendously conserved amongst distinct subtypes are prone to be of functional significance and so less prone to escape mutations, In either case, due to the dynamic nature of intra patient HIV evolution, the have to have to accomplish a broad immune response might be fulfilled by multi gene multi form approach, with T Helper activity playing an important part alongside the CTL response, Our effects recognized numerous association principles that not only involved two epitope styles and three genes, but also were noticed within the huge bulk of HIV 1 genomes ana lyzed.

The SFKs had been dephosphorylated by AZD0530 but not by Imatinib in each cell lines. This presents evidence that Bcr Abl acts downstream of Src kinases in RTSupB15 likewise as WTSupB15 and explains why dephosphorylation of Bcr Abl did not have an impact on the exercise of the Src kinases. AZD0530 blocks the activation of Stat5, Erk and PI3K Akt specifically in Bcr Abl optimistic cells Activation of your Raf Mek Erk, PI3K Akt and Stat path means synergize to promote Ph leukaemic cell growth. To investigate if inactivation of Src kinases and Bcr Abl by AZD0530 could interfere with the leukaemic survival sig nalling pathways, lysates from BV173 cells taken care of with AZD0530 or Imatinib were probed with antibodies against Stat5, Erk, and Akt kinases. Effects were compared to Ph SEM cells. From the BV173 cells, each compounds inhibited phos phorylation of Stat5, Erk and Akt kinases.
This correlated properly with selleck inhibitor the more powerful impact to the inhibition of SFKs. These final results support the concept the Src kinases couple Bcr Abl to its substrate proteins, and AZD0530 might target much more especially the Src kinases. Neither AZD0530 nor Imatinib impacted the activation of all 3 proteins inside the SEM cells. Combining AZD0530 with Imatinib has an additive result on BV173 cells Combination therapy of Imatinib with an inhibitor of Imatinib resistant Bcr Abl is commonly employed to stop emergence of resistance. Dual Src Abl kinase inhibitors exhibit exceptional in vitro inhibitory profiles against Imatinib resistance on account of Bcr Abl mutations and resist ance independent of Bcr Abl. To assess this strat egy, cells were handled with combinations price RO4929097 of AZD0530 and Imatinib and in contrast for the untreated control cells. Development inhibition was analysed using proliferation assays as described previously.
An additive effect was witnessed for BV173 cells, utilizing 0. 1m Imatinib and 1m AZD0530 in contrast towards the single agents alone and 1m AZD0530.No main variation was observed on remedy of your ALL cell lines WTSupB15 and RTSupB15 involving single agents and combinations of AZD0530 and Imatinib. Discussion and conclusion Recent reviews have demonstrated a requirement for Src kinase exercise in Bcr Abl transformation and oncogenic signal transduction. Right here, we present AZD0530, a brand new, orally administered, potent and remarkably selective dual Src Abl kinase inhibitor, whose effects are actually investigated in solid tumours. Within this research, we demonstrated that AZD0530 specif ically inhibits the growth of CML cells and Ph ALL cells in a dose dependent method, but had little or no effect on Ph ALL cells. AZD0530 inhibited the growth of Imatinib resistant Ba F3 expressing MutY253F and MutE255K cells. This could be explained through the undeniable fact that substitution of Threonine by Phenylalanine and Glutamine by Lysine distorted the conformation desired by Imatinib to attach to Bcr Abl on this cells, but this kind of a conformation was not necessary by AZD0530.

The essential mechanism of metformin is to activate serine threonine kinase, a essential protein in sustain ing right cell vitality management. Metformin activates AMPK indirectly by means of a suppressor protein, liver kinase B1, and by means of the activation of tuberous sclerosis complex two which inhibits the mammalian target of rapamycin protein, one among the important thing proteins in regulating cell division, protein synthesis, growth and angiogenic processes, The mTOR protein is activated by means of the PI3K Act path way induced by insulin and development components, i. e.IGF 1, EGF, PDGF and VEGF. Large amounts of insulin and IGFs in sufferers with DM2 and EC are contributive to mTOR overexpression, enhanced cell proliferation and resistance to apoptosis, In addition for the established part of estrogen and progesterone in hyperplasia induction and endometrial cancer onset, are other aspects also involved within the development of this cancer, which consist of IGF 1R, B catenin and PAX two.
IGF 1 is a polypeptide created inside the liver equivalent in structure and perform to insulin. After binding selleckchem pf562271 to its receptor, signaling may perhaps arise via differ ent mediators, the dominant pathway staying PI3K Akt, but also the MAPK pathway. Inside the uterus, IGF one expression is strictly regu lated by estrogen. Its signaling process is essential for cell differentiation, proliferation and migration. IGF 1 overexpression leads to neoplastic transformation, cancer progression and metastasis, Though examining the expression of IGF 1R in 152 cancers of different web pages of origin, Ouban et al. demonstrated substantial receptor membrane expression in breast cancer with prevalence of 87.
5%, Flavopiridol and in the ovary and endometrium with prevalence of 100%. B Catenin with E cadherin play a part in preserving proper tissue architecture via the regulation of intercellular adhesion. Additionally, it constitutes part of the Wnt pathway that participates inside the manage with the expression of genes accountable for the typical program with the cell cycle, at the same time as for proliferation and for apoptosis. Mutations resulting in the Wnt pathways excessive activation, are located in lots of malignant neo plasms which include EC. Various research display that B catenin mutations can be important for carcinogenesis, Since the scientific studies evaluating B catenin expres sion during the presence of DM2 are limited, we have now chose to investigate if DM2 and its system of remedy adjust the position of B catenin in EC.

armigera orthologs. No KEGG pathways occurred more or significantly less frequently than anticipated from the G T5 situation when compared to the control. Yet, within the rest from the physique, T5 affected the glycolysis gluconeogenesis, amino acid metabolic process and phototransduction pathways. The frequency of those identical pathways was also distinct in RB T7 and only the glycine, serine and threonine metabolic path way was regulated in the very similar way at both gossypol concentrations. The mammalian target of rapamycin pathway was similarly impacted by T5 while in the rest of your entire body and by T7 during the gut, using the down regulation of genes observed extra frequently than expected for this pathway. Only in G T7, down regu lated genes are even more regular while in the Notch and the JAK STAT signalling pathways, although genes associated with drug metabolism are up regulated signifi cantly.
In turn, only in RB T7, oxidative phosphorylation pathway genes are down regulated while the peroxisome pathway is up regulated, The selleck chemical proteasome as well as ribosome pathways are affected in the two tissues at gossypol T7 concentration but differen tially regulated. Another vitality metabolism and gene regulation associated pathways had been discovered uniquely for every ailment when when compared to the handle, e. i. amino acid and sugar metabolic pathways in RB T7. Consistencies in between the GO and also the KEGG pathway analyses are observed no matter the low stringency for homology assignment within the situation of your last evaluation, We regarded as the KEGG pathway evaluation presented right here, how ever, represents a to start with attempt to see transcriptional information below a regulatory framework that may allow us to direct our consideration to testing additional hypotheses about gossypol effects in insects.
Rank Goods Evaluation The typical within the normalized log ratios across biologi cal replicates was plotted to get a set of picked genes ranked amid by far the most up or down regulated, Genes involved with energy acqui sition such as b fructofuranosidases and glucose dehy drogenases are between by far the most appreciably up regulated genes in G T5, Amongst probably the most up regulated genes selelck kinase inhibitor may also be sugar degrading enzymes from the RB, Contrary to their up regula tion in T5, a glucosidase genes are amongst quite possibly the most sig nificantly down regulated in the two tissue types at T7 alongside other glycoside hydrolases inside the RB at this very same gossypol dose.
On the other hand, b fructofuranosidase is up regulated while in the RB T7 experimental affliction and homologs of phenoloxidase inhibitor and oxidase perox idase genes are differentially regulated in both tissues at this exact same concentration. P450 s are ranked amongst the most up and down regulated genes in both tissues for each gossypol concentration, At T5 while in the gut, a slight up regulation of glutathione transferase GST24 is observed, when zinc iron transporters are ranked amid one of the most up regulated genes in the G T7 situation.

wyomingensis. A centered genetic research inside and between putative hybrid zones of significant sagebrush is required to even more eluci date the origins and reproducibility of hybridization pro cesses concerned in ssp. wyomingensis formation. If tetraploid recurrence is actually a popular function of ssp. wyo mingensis, maybe only populations of ssp. tridentata and ssp. vaseyana want energetic management through environmental conversation of wildlands given that a tet raploid hybrid in between the two locally adapted acces sions may be anticipated to type and repopulate geographic zones in between the diploid subspecies. Conclusions This research is definitely the initial of its variety to execute transcrip tome sequencing of huge sagebrush subspecies, making large selections of genetic resources for this ecologically essential group of array and forest plants.
selleck chemicals Sunitinib The EST sequences have been annotated to recognize putative gene functions, and choose genes concerned in putative terpe noid and coumarin synthesis have been bioinformatically recognized. The distribution of SNPs among A. tridentata subspecies and the estimation of depth and divergence of mutations produce insights regarding the magnitude of neutral divergence and pure variety in between these subspecies, in addition to a basis of sequence references for long term population genomic and practical genetic stu dies. The cost efficient, fast and trusted way of getting nuclear sequences by way of transcriptome sequencing also provided insights on gene divergence and marker advancement in massive sagebrush.
Future stu dies integrating BMS740808 popular garden, provenance and reci procal transplantation of defined genetic stocks with this particular genomic knowledge will immeasurably add to our knowing patterns of genes and their roles in adap tive traits among enormous sagebrush populations. Strategies Plant supplies and RNA extraction Youthful leaves from two subspecies of large sagebrush, A. tridentata ssp. tridentata plus a. tridenata ssp. vaseyana, had been harvested from plants expanding in USDA Shrub Lab greenhouse in Provo, UT for 454 pyrose quencing, The plants had been grown from seeds collected inside their all-natural habitat close to Park Valley, UT. The leaves had been flash frozen in liquid N2 and stored in 80 C until finally further use. RNA extraction was carried out employing around 0. 1 g of frozen leaf tissue, following a modified scorching borate process, The extracted RNA was analyzed for high-quality and quanti fied working with Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer prior to making use of for cDNA synthesis.
cDNA library preparation for 454 pyrosequencing cDNA was produced employing one ug of total RNA utilizing the Clever cDNA synthesis kit, but the cDNA synthesis primer for first strand synthesis was replaced by a modified oligo dT primer, The poly T stretch within the primer is broken by inserting a Cytosine to reduce the prospective sequencing issues as a result of pre sence of a prolonged ploy A homopolymer stretch.

Compounds launched onto the leaves by the female insect with her eggs or substances released into plant wounds while in feeding probably convey the information indicating an insect attack, and so set off a cascade of plant reactions, fol lowed by downstream signaling pathways that mediate certain gene expression leading to the biosynthesis of metabolites which are accountable for your dirALK inhibitor ect and indir ect defenses, It’s been recommended that plants orchestrate their defense reactions towards numerous insect herbivores by a cross speak between phytohormone pathways, with the octadecanoid signal transduction pathway taking part in a vital purpose in this procedure, However, while jasmonic acid is known to induce indirect defenses in plants by way of the manufacturing of volatiles that attract egg parasi toids, the headspace profiles of egg induced plants and JA treated ones vary from each other indicating that other plant hormones can also be concerned while in the orchestra tion of defenses that signal the presence of eggs to egg parasitoids, Herbivore eggs are shown to induce modifications inside the plants key and secondary metabolism and can lead to dramatic adjustments while in the plants transcriptome, To date, even so, only two scientific studies of Scot pine and Brussels sprouts have addressed the function of egg induced transcriptional changes in indirect defenses, We have now shown previously that elms can generate a distinct eco physiological response to your egg laying ac tivities of elm leaf beetle even inside the absence of herbivory, The stylish subtlety of those responses as well as co evolved species specificity predestinate this organic ecological U.
small X. luteola O. gallerucae program for studying egg induced transcriptional alterations in plants. Here we present the primary time a sizable scale examine of insect egg induced defense inside a organic eco logical plant insect strategy. For identification of egg induced genes inside the area elm, 5 cDNA libraries have been constructed from youthful elm selleck chemicals DMXAA trees of a single clone. Leaves had been harvested after numerous time intervals and different treatment options with feeding and or egg laying through the elm leaf beetle, artificial transfer of egg clutches, and spraying with MeJA. A total of 361,196 expressed sequence tags have been pyro sequenced and assembled into unique transcripts, Right here we report the comparative evaluation of 21,490 Unitrans in order to detect differences in functionally annotated gene transcript abundances.
This EST assortment repre sents the first big genomic resource for your European field elm, plus the database is now on the market which has a public world wide web interface, wherever it truly is attainable to question the different elm libraries primarily based on ESTs, Unitrans, UniProt IDs descriptions, Protein Households, Enzyme Commission numbers and Gene Ontology terms, Effects Sequencing of elm just after treatment method with leaf beetles Non normalized complete RNA was isolated from leaves of clonal U.

Inside the set of OMIM ailments, we identified bio chemical and metabolic conditions this kind of as disorders of oxidative phosphorylation and glycosylation at the same time as D two hydroxyglutaric aciduria, glycogen storage disease, phenylketonuria thanks to dihydropteridine reductase defi ciency and phosphoglycerate kinase 1 deficiency. Amid the ailment annotations linked with cancers, we noticed that our cDNA sequences were connected with particular forms of OMIM annotations including breast cancer, colon cancer, esophageal carcinoma, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer and ovarian cancer to identify just a few. We also identified ailments from the sensory programs, this kind of as cataracts and deafness.
Last but not least, we identified several different orthologs of human genes implicated in distinct dis orders, which includes Leigh syndrome, Hyper IgD syndrome, immunodeficiency connected with hyper IgM, Griscelli syndrome, STAR syndrome and Charcot Marie Tooth disease, retinitis pigmentosa selelck kinase inhibitor and generalized epilepsy. With each other, these OMIM annotations supply a various image of your genes across conditions and offer a exceptional context for understanding the purpose of those cDNA sequences in feline overall health and disease. Discussion We recognized 1227 feline cDNA sequences derived from tissues obtained from 10 cats and carried out extensive comparative genomics practical examination to elucidate the computationally derived comparative gene expres sion evaluation patterns, biochemical functions and pheno kinds linked with these sequences. Our cDNA sequences and associated comparative and functional examination supply an first viewpoint on feline biology as viewed by way of our set of 1227 cDNA sequences.
Although it is actually predicted the variety of feline protein coding genes encoded during the cat genome is during the purchase of twenty,000 to 25,000, similar to most other mammalian genomes, the amount of recognized published PF-2545920 cat protein coding gene sequences is considerably reduced at 2099 sequences, These 1227 cDNA gene sequences signify a rich set of possible targets for genetic association research, biologically rele vant diet plans and pharmacologically energetic compounds which can be produced to boost the well currently being of companion cats globally. In addition, these sequences have worth in similar applications for endan gered felids. Our strategy to identify a set of 1227 high high-quality and large self confidence cDNA sequences from feline tissue samples expands the expressed sequence data for domestic cat. Despite the fact that we at first obtained in excess of 3000 cDNA sequences, we chose to filter our sequences so that the set we describe would be within the most value to the feline genomics neighborhood.

In situations exactly where a binding web site is longer than 500 bp, only 500 bp centered on its summit were applied. In consideration of computational time, we preformed the search with 2500 best sequences regarding binding score. MEME was run making use of dna mod zoops revcomp evt 0. 01 command line selections. Specificity was assessed as Z score from a hundred randomly sampled groups with the similar quantity of sequences on the very same length from your similar chromosomes as AR binding web sites. To investigate the en richment and score distribution from the over MEME derived ARE consensus motif, we scanned the AR bound sequences likewise as randomly sampled genomic sequences with its place bodyweight matrix applying PATSER and command line options c li s u2 or c ls 0 s u2, We established presence absence of motifs as predefined vertebrate matrices from MatBase within a equivalent manner, whereas their statistical association with mode of AR regulation was computed making use of two tail Fishers precise test.
Quantitative Reverse Transcriptase PCR in vivo samples Roughly twenty mg of tumor samples in RNALater have been homogenized by means of Qiagen TissueLyser 2, for two min 20 Hz. Homogenates had been then processed making use of Qiagen RNeasy Plus kit, Samples have been resuspended in 60uL water and 2 ug RNA from just about every sample have been subsequently subjected to qRT PCR employing TaqMan RT PCR ABI7900HT, inside a two phase erbb2 inhibitor professional cedure, as following. 1 For reverse transcriptase phase we utilized ABI Substantial Capability cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit, Cycle run was ten min 25 C, 2 h 37 C, 5 min 85 C and interesting right down to 4 C. For that qPCR reaction we utilized ABI 2X universal Mas ter combine utilizing ddCt strategy for quantification.
Cycle was ten min 95 C, 15 s 95 C, 60s 60 C, forty cycles. Primers employed had been ID Hs00907244 ml for for AR and 4352934E for GADPH, Tumor development inhibition VCaP CRPC in vivo model VCaP cells have been implanted subcutaneously in CB17 lcr Prkdc SCID mice, and when tumors reached about 200 mm3 in size the animals have been castrated. Since PSA levels remain buy PS-341 reduced within this in vivo model right up until the tumors are significantly large, the re growth of tumors submit castration was interpreted as being a indicator that the animals entered to the castration refractory phase. Animals have been then randomized based on tumor volume and therapy commenced. Generally and except if other smart indicated, compounds have been provided by oral gavage the moment day-to-day. Car formulation consisted of 0. 9% benzyl alcohol, 1% Tween 80 and 98.
1% methylcellulose, Tumor volume was calculated from the formula. length x width x depth x 0. 5236. To measure PSA, 15 ul serum was diluted 1.three v v in water and after that 25 ul with the dilu tion samples have been transferred to your ELISA plate to the assay, At the finish from the review, animals have been sacrificed plus the tumors were extracted and trea ted with RNALater, Statistic ana lysis was carried out working with two way ANOVA, Expression profiling and information analysis RNA from VCaP cells taken care of with AR siRNA, Compound thirty or corresponding controls underwent 1st and 2nd strand cDNA synthesis, in vitro reverse transcription, and tar get planning following the GeneChip Expression Evaluation Technical Guide, Overnight hybridization from the fragmented cRNA about the GeneChipW Human Gen ome U133A two.

All round, these efforts annotated 83. 6% of transcripts from the assembly. Comparison towards the Genbank nr database yielded 33,366 hits, accounting for 80. 16% of tran scriptome sequences. A total 87. 2% of these hits showed powerful homology. Because the nr database contains handful of ginseng proteins, we examined the different species with which homology was located. The vast majority of hits have been located to be towards grape, followed by castor oil plant, black cottonwood poplar, and soybean. Comparable success have been located with searches towards the Plant Protein Annota tion System database from Uniprot along with the TAIR10 release of your Arabidopsis genome yielding 33,522 and 30,990 transcripts with major hits. As Arabidopsis could be the most extensively annotated plant, sequence homology to Arabidopsis was also utilized to characterize the transcriptome based mostly on Gene possessing 17,266 various protein domains.
This additional annotation facts to an additional 77 transcripts that had no hits from the prior homology searches. Essentially the most abundant purchase CGK 733 domain located was the protein kinase do main, existing in one,310 transcripts. This can be a very similar num ber to your 1,719 kinases existing within the Arabidopsis genome and never surprising, as protein kinases play a part within a multitude of cellular processes, together with division, proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. Lastly, to be able to assign metabolic details to our transcripts, the KAAS instrument was utilised to assign pathway information in the KEGG database. This resulted in the KEGG orthology number for five,717 transcripts that pos sessed homology with metabolic enzymes inside the KEGG database.
The pathways most strongly represented within the success were protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, ubiquitin mediated proteolysis, nucleotide ex cision fix, arginine and proline metabolism, peroxi some, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolic process, proteasome, starch and sucrose metabolic process and glycoly sis/gluconeogenesis. All annotation facts and sig nificance scores 17DMAG had been summarized and concatenated with transcript identifiers right into a single line of annotation for every sequence in the Fasta formatted transcriptome file. Expression profiles across development To evaluate the contribution of every stage of create ment on the reference transcriptome and profile the relative expression ranges of transcripts throughout de velopment, we mapped all substantial high-quality reads from every stage back to your assembled transcriptome applying the BWA tool. Although this is certainly useful in identifying rela tive transcript abundance, it did possess the unfortunate side effect of reporting unmapped reads for six,113 tran scripts.