However, systematic studies on the expandability of the proposed mechanism to other metals and the crack generation behaviors dependent on the magnitude of applied strain were missing. In this work, we investigated the effect of applied strain and film thickness on nanocrack generation

using titanium (Ti) films on PDMS substrates. Ti was chosen as the film material because of its several advantages such as good adhesion to diverse materials, high strength-to-weight ratio, good resistance to corrosion, and high biocompatibility even though it is a poor conductor [19–22]. Differing patterns of cracks in the Ti film created under varying strains resulted in a change in electrical resistance that corresponded to the applied strain, providing an selleck products opportunity that the cracked Ti film on PDMS substrate could be used for a flexible strain sensor covering a wide range of strain. The suggested strain sensor is very easy to fabricate and handle, selleck screening library which ultimately allows for low-cost, selleck inhibitor portable strain sensors. It is also transparent, thereby expanding its potential use to monitoring deformations in various transparent bodies such as fragile structures, flexible electronics, and health-monitoring appliances. Methods A schematic procedure to fabricate a cracked Ti film on a PDMS substrate

is illustrated in Figure 1. To prepare an elastomeric PDMS sheet, a PDMS base resin (Sylgard 184, Dow Corning, Midland, MI, USA) was first mixed with a curing agent (Dow Corning) in a vial at a fixed weight ratio (10:1), and the mixture was poured onto a petri dish followed by degassing for more than 1 h [16, 23]. It was then cured at 70°C for 3 h [16], and the sheet thickness was 0.4 mm after curing. The cured PDMS sheet was sliced into a size of

28 mm (length) × 8 mm (width) rectangular samples. Ti films were deposited on the PDMS substrates Edoxaban by radio-frequency (RF) sputtering using a 2-in. Ti target (purity 99.99%). The base pressure was kept below 10-6 Torr. Film deposition was performed in an Ar gas flow of 9 sccm (process pressure approximately 1 × 10-3 Torr) at a RF power of 50 W. In this condition, the film growth rate was approximately 4 nm/s, and Ti films of varying thicknesses (80, 180, and 250 nm) were grown on the PDMS substrates with controlled deposition time. The Ti film area was constrained to 10 mm (length) × 8 mm (width) by masking both ends of the PDMS substrates during deposition. In the next step, the Ti films on PDMS substrates were uniaxially elongated to induce cracks in the Ti films. Here, the magnitude of applied strain was modulated in the range of 0% to 80%. Figure 1 Schematic process to fabricate a cracked Ti film on a PDMS substrate. Step 1: preparation of a PDMS sheet, step 2: slicing of the PDMS sheet into 26 mm × 8 mm-sized samples, step 3: deposition of a Ti thin film on the PDMS substrate, and step 4: generation of cracks by mechanical stretching.

paratuberculosis K10 (AE016958.1), M. smegmatis MC2 155 (CP000480.1), M. abscessus ATCC 19977 (CU458896.1), M. gilvum PYG-GCK (CP000656.1), M. vanbaalenii PYR-1 (CP000511.1), Mycobacterium sp. JLS (CP000580.1), Mycobacterium sp. KMS (CP000518.1), Mycobacterium sp. MCS (CP000384.1), and DNA sequences of non-targeted genomes include Corynebacterium aurimucosum ATCC 700975 (CP001601.1), C. diphteriae NCTC 13129 (BX248353.1), C. efficiens YS-314 (BA000035.2), C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 (BX927147.1), C. jeikeium K411 (NC_007164), C. kroppenstedtii DSM 44385 (CP001620.1), C. urealyticum DSM 7109 (AM942444.1), Nocardia farcinica Thiazovivin IFM 10152 (AP006618.1),

Nocardioides sp. JS614 (CP000509.1), Rhodococcus erythropolis PR4 (AP008957.1), R. jostii RHA1 (CP000431.1) and R. opacus B4 (AP011115.1). Selection of exclusively conserved proteins in Mycobacterium spp. genomes Among the 3989 predicted proteins of M. tuberculosis H37Rv genome (Figure 2A and Additional file 1), about 54.6% (i.e. 2177 proteins) presented protein similarities above 50% with the other studied mycobacterial genomes (n = 15), and only 6.8% of these

hypothetical conserved mycobacterial proteins (150 proteins: 150 number in the top of a bar in Figure 2B) displayed similarities less than 50% with the studied non-mycobacterial genomes (n = 12). Consequently, almost half RG7112 mouse of the M. tuberculosis H37Rv predicted proteins are potentially present in the 12 studied genomes of CNM group members. We chose to decrease the number of candidate proteins by restricting the panel of studied proteins to those exclusively conserved

in the mycobacterial genomes, focusing on M. tuberculosis H37Rv proteins with similarity levels between 80% and 100% in comparison with other mycobacterial genomes (n = 15), and less than 50% similarity levels in comparison with genomes Fossariinae (n = 12) of the other CNM group genera. As a result, among the 3989 predicted proteins of M. tuberculosis H37Rv genome (Figure 2A), we selected 11 proteins (11 number in the top of a bar in Figure 2B). Among the 3989 predicted proteins of M. tuberculosis H37Rv proteins (Additional file 1), the selected candidate proteins (Table 1), were the subunits C (locus Rv1305) and A (locus Rv1304) of the ATP synthase, the cyclopropane mycolic acid selleckchem synthase (CMAS) coded by the cmaA1 gene in M. tuberculosis H37Rv (locus Rv3392c), hypothetical PE or PPE family proteins (loci Rv0285 and Rv3022c), proteins coded by esxG, esxH and esxR genes in M. tuberculosis H37Rv (loci Rv0287, Rv0288, Rv3019c, respectively), and proteins such as a lipoprotein coding by lppM gene (locus Rv2172c), an oxidoreductase (locus Rv0197), and a small secreted protein (locus Rv0236A). Figure 2 Total (A) and partial representation (B) of the protein number (vertical axe, number in the top of the bars) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv genome, according to their similarities with proteins of targeted mycobacterial genomes and proteins of non-targeted genomes (horizontal axes).

They do not participate, but believe that the victim has herself or himself to blame. Studies have shown that non-mentalizers quite often overestimate or underestimate aggression (Blair Selleck SB273005 and Cipolotti 2000) and may therefore be surprised, for example, when somebody is frightened of them. “They tend to attribute negative intent to others when none is meant and are rigid and inflexible about their expectations of others. They are incapable of developing solutions to interpersonal problems that are acceptable to all parties; instead, solutions are biased in their favor (Twemlow et al. 2005).” Deficiency in mentalization stems from a relative deficiency

of mentalizing in early attachment (Fonagy and Bateman 2006). It was also shown (Table 2) that reduced role clarity was a predictor of depressive symptoms in the industrial settings. Worrall and Cooper (1998) and Lapido and Wilkinson (2002) reported reduced role clarity and increased work pressures as typical characteristics of organizational changes. Hence, negative acts associated

with bullying in organizations characterized by change may primarily be related to task-oriented issues (Skogstad et al. 2007). Reduced role clarity might provide a fertile ground for many bullies pick on a target that is competent in the group. They may target not only the vulnerable, but also those who threaten their sense of superiority or make them feel vulnerable (Yamada 2000, p. 4). “Lack of appreciation of being in the group” BKM120 mouse was a risk factor for developing symptoms of depression in this study. This finding is in line with Twemlow et al. (2005), Lutgen-Sandvik and McDermott

(2008) who report that bullying behavior is much more complex than to be just a dyadic relationship between the bully and the victim of bullying. Thinking of bullying as a dyadic relationship, that is, involving only a bully and a target would lead to viewing it as just a Montelukast Sodium subjective experience. As such, authorities may be less likely to believe target reports and take instantaneous corrective action. One of the SN-38 in vivo significant findings to emerge from this study is that “rumors of changes in the workplace”, further impact upon the employee’s mental health functioning. As shown in Table 1, although the total number of men who were bystanders to bullying was larger, the proportion of women who were bystanders to bullying and developed symptom of depression 18 months later was higher compared to men. This finding is in line with the results of a study by Skogstad et al. (2007). Their data from a sample of 2,408 Norwegian employees confirmed that different organizational changes were associated with task-related bullying at work and that exposure to more changes increased the likelihood of being bullied. Gender-based bullying has increased in the industrial settings as female workers have been employed in roles that were traditionally viewed as “male.

epidermidis MK 8931 ic50 mRNA isolated Captisol nmr during exponential phase when the following primer pairs were used: 1035 and 673; 672 and 760; and 940 and 1135 (primer pairs shown in Figure 3C). However, no amplicon was detected using primers 674/677 and 673/670. These data demonstrated sigA comprised the 3′ end gene of the S. epidermidis MMSO whereas serp1130 was located at the 5′ end. Figure 2 Growth analysis of S. epidermidis 1457. S. epidermidis was grown aerobically in tryptic soy broth over a 18 hour time period. Growth was assessed by measuring the optical density at 600 nm. Figure 3 Northern blot analysis of the S. epidermidis MMSO using a sigA and dnaG DNA probe.

The number above each lane in panels A (hybridized with a sigA probe) and B (hybridized with a dnaG probe) TPCA-1 cost represents the time in hours of growth before each RNA sample was processed. A picture of the ethidium bromide stained gel is shown beneath each blot to serve as a loading control and verify RNA integrity. Arrows in panels A and B denote transcripts A, C through F as discussed in text. Panel C: Schematic depiction of the S. epidermidis MMSO. Small arrows above and below the schematic represent primer sets used in RT-PCR reactions and other cloning experiments. Arrows below the schematic correspond to

transcripts A, B, C, and D as discussed in text. To evaluate the transcriptional regulation of the 5′ genes in the MMSO during S. epidermidis growth, serp1129 and serp1130 were used as probes in northern blot analyses (Figures 4A-B). Both of these probes hybridized to mRNA in Interleukin-3 receptor a similar manner and identified four bands (A, B, E, and F).

Bands A, E, and F were 4.8 kb, 3.0 kb, and 2.5 kb in size, respectively, and corresponded to the same bands of similar size when both sigA and dnaG were used as probes (Figures 3A-B). A unique 1.5 kb band (band B; Figure 4A-B) was detected with both probes. Since the length of serp1129 and serp1130 combined is 1319 bp, these data suggested that both serp1129 and serp1130 were encoded on one mRNA transcript. The transcripts associated with bands A and B were detected only in aliquots taken during the exponential growth phase. Figure 4 Northern blot analysis of the S. epidermidis MMSO using a serp1129 and serp1130 DNA probe. The number above each lane in panels A (hybridized with a serp1129 DNA probe) and B (hybridized with a serp1130 DNA probe) represents the time in hours of growth before each RNA sample was processed. A picture of the ethidium bromide stained gel is shown beneath each blot to serve as a loading control and verify RNA integrity. Arrows in panels A and B denote transcripts A, B, E and F as discussed in text. Collectively, these data suggested the following: 1) the 4.

polymyxa M-1 in suppressing E. amylovora and E. carotovora, Selleck VX-680 the causative agents of the important plant diseases fire blight and soft rot, respectively. Since the rare polymyxin P has not been previously used as a clinical agent, in contrast to polymyxin B and colistin [30], this finding provides a potential option to use polymyxin P or its producer strain P. polymyxa M-1 as an alternative of chemical bactericides to control fire blight, soft rot and other plant

diseases caused by gram-negative bacteria. Methods Bacterial strains and growth conditions Strain M-1 isolated from surface sterilized wheat roots in China was kept frozen at −70 C with 15% glycerol as a laboratory stock. This strain was cultured in tryptic soy broth (TSB) liquid medium or on tryptic soy broth

agar (TSBA) plates (TSB supplemented by 1.5% agar) at 30°C for general purposes or in glucose-starch-CaCO3 (GSC) medium [45] at 30°C for antibacterial activity tests selleck screening library and chemical analysis of polymyxin. M-1 has been deposited in China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center (CGMCC) as strain CGMCC 7581. Other strains used in this study were laboratory stocks obtained from different sources and kept frozen with 15% (v/v) glycerol at −70°C. They were grown in Luria broth (LB) or on LB agar plates (LB solidified with 1.5% agar) at 30°C (E. amylovora Ea273, E. carotovora and Micrococcus luteus) or 37°C (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus faecalis, Bacillus

megaterium, Bacillus subtilis 168, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 and Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579). Bacterial identification Identification of the strain M-1 was carried out by using 16S rDNA sequence analysis as well as by physiological and biochemical characterization. After growing in TSB medium at 30°C overnight, the bacteria cells were collected by centrifuging for chromosomal DNA isolation using the standard phenol:chloroform procedure. Then, the 16S rDNA was amplified by PCR with two pairs of primers 63 F (5’CAG GCC TAA CAC ATG CAA GTC-3’), 1387R (5’GGG CGG TGA TGT ACA AGG C’-3) [46], 530 F (5’GTG CCA GCM GCC GCG G-3’) and 1494R PJ34 HCl (5’GGY TAC CTT GTT ACG ACT T-3’) [46, 47]. The reaction mixture included Taq DNA polymerase, 10 × Taq buffer, www.selleckchem.com/products/Ispinesib-mesilate(SB-715992).html forward and reverse primers, each deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dATP, dGTP, dCTP and dTTP) (Beijing Youbo Gene Technology Co., Ltd) and template DNA. Amplifications were performed using a Biometra T personal 48 thermocycler (Biometra, Goettingen, Germany) with the following cycle conditions: initial activation at 94°C for 5 min; 35 cycles of 94°C for 1 min, 55°C for 30 sec, and 72°C for 1 min; a final extension at 72°C for 10 min. PCR products (100 μL total volume) were analyzed by electrophoresis using a 0.8% (w/v) Tris-acetate-EDTA (TAE) agarose gel mixed with ethidium bromide and ultraviolet visualization.

F). A putative polyubiquitin (CP03-EB-001-020-H08-UE.F) was used as reference gene. All PCR primers

(MWG, Imprint Genetics Corp) were designed using the GeneScript online Real-Time Primer Design tool https://​www.​genscript.​com/​ssl-bin/​app/​primer [see Additional file 2]. One microgram of total RNA treated with RQ1 DNAse I (Invitrogen) was reverse-transcribed using Power Script (Invitrogen) at a final volume of 20 μL. The primer Tm was set at 59°C to 61°C and the amplicon sizes ranging from 100 to 105 bp. Quantitative PCR was performed using SYBRGreen® (Invitrogen) for the detection of fluorescence during amplification, and LGK-974 datasheet assays were performed on an ABI PRISM 7500 Sequence Detection System (SDS) coupled to the ABI PRISM 7500 SDS software (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, USA), using standard settings. A 20 μL RT-PCR reaction consisted of 2 μL SYBRGreen 1× (Applied Biosciences), 1× PCR buffer, 200 mM dNTPs, 3 mM MgCl2, 1/2 50× Rox, 200 nM each PXD101 primer and 10 μL single-stranded cDNA. The thermal cycling conditions were 50°C for 2 min, then 94°C for 10 min, followed by 40 cycles of 94°C for 45 s, 57°C for 35 s for annealing, and 72°C for 35 s. A dissociation analysis was conducted after all amplifications to investigate the

formation of primer dimers and hairpins. Melting temperatures of the fragments were determined according to the manufacturer’s protocol. No-template reactions were included as negative controls in learn more every plate. Sequence Detection Software (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, USA) results were imported into Microsoft Excel for further analysis. Raw expression levels were calculated from the average of the triplicate ddCT (RQ) values using the standard curve obtained for each primer pair (ABI PRISM 7500 Sequence Detection System User Bulletin #2). A non-parametric t test was performed in order to compare the expression values obtained for each

gene between the samples. Molecular analyses of aegerolysin genes The two putative aegerolysin genes (MpPRIA1 and MpPRIA2) and one putative pleurotolysin Methane monooxygenase B (MpPLYB), were analyzed by aligning ESTs and genomic sequences using Clustal W (EBI) [75]. The contigs were screened for conserved domains and for introns using ORFINDER software (NCBI-http://​www.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​projects/​gorf). The amino acid sequences generated from the most likely ORFs were aligned against four sequences available at the UNIPROT database [76] using Multalign [77]. The evolutionary history was inferred using the Neighbor-Joining method [78]. The evolutionary distances were calculated following the Poisson correction method [79] and expressed in units of number of amino acid substitutions per site. All positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated from the dataset (complete deletion option). There were a total of 116 positions in the final dataset. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted in MEGA4 [80].

CrossRef 27. Roca-Feltrer A, Carneiro I, Smith L, Schellenberg JR, Greenwood B, Schellenberg D: The age patterns of severe malaria syndromes in sub-Saharan Africa across a range of transmission intensities and seasonality settings. Malar J 2010, 9:282.PubMedCrossRef 28. Zilversmit MM, Chase EK, Chen DS, Awadalla P, Day KP, McVean G: Hypervariable antigen genes in malaria have ancient roots. BMC Evol Biol 2013, 13:110.PubMedCrossRef 29. Barry AE, Leliwa-Sytek A, Tavul L, Imrie H, Migot-Nabias F, Brown SM, McVean GA, Day KP: Population genomics of the immune evasion (var) genes of plasmodium falciparum. PLoS pathogens 2007,3(3):e34.PubMedCrossRef 30. Angeletti SB431542 order D, Albrecht L, Blomqvist K, Quintana Mdel P, Akhter

T, Bachle

SM, Sawyer A, Sandalova T, Achour A, Wahlgren M, et al.: Plasmodium falciparum rosetting epitopes converge in the SD3-loop of PfEMP1-DBL1alpha. PLoS One 2012,7(12):e50758.PubMedCrossRef 31. Albrecht SB202190 in vivo L, Moll K, Blomqvist K, Normark J, Chen Q, Wahlgren M: var gene transcription and PfEMP1 expression in the rosetting and cytoadhesive plasmodium falciparum clone FCR3S1.2. Malar J 2011, 10:17.PubMedCrossRef 32. Fawcett T: ROC Graphs: Notes and Practical Go6983 Considerations for Researchers. Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2004. 33. Duffy PE, Sahu T, Akue A, Milman N, Anderson C: Pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccines: identifying the targets. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012,11(10):1261–1280.PubMedCrossRef 34. Artzy-Randrup Y, Rorick MM, Day K, Chen D, Dobson AP, Pascual M: Population structuring of multi-copy, antigen-encoding genes in plasmodium falciparum. eLife 2012, 1:e00093.PubMedCrossRef Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Authors’ contributions MMR conceived of the study, carried out the analysis and wrote the of manuscript.

KPD, MP and TSR contributed to the study design and critically revised the manuscript. EBB contributed to the data analysis and critically revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Hyaluronic acid (HA), a large linear glycosaminoglycan which is mostly present within extracellular matrix and whose molecular weight ranges from 8 × 105 (LMWHA) to 2 × 106 (HMWHA) Da [1], is a chain of repeating disaccharide units of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine [2]. HA is involved in biological and pathological processes such as cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, differentiation [3], vascular diseases and lymphocyte trafficking [4, 5]. HA Anti-inflammatory action [6, 7], bacteriostatic effect [8] and antioxidant properties [9] have been recently highlighted with a wide range of potential therapeutic perspectives such as oral, pneumological, dermatological and urological areas [10]. Healing properties of degradation products of HA achieved by N-acetylglucosaminic bonds breakdown, catalysed by the hyaluronidases, have been also well described in the literature [11].

cereus may have evolved from an element with a specificity

determinant similar in sequence to that of lysine. These observations suggest that T box regulation may be unsuited for controlling expression of the housekeeping LysRS in bacteria and perhaps is only tolerated in additional copies of LysRS that play an ancillary role such as adaptation to stationary phase conditions as observed in B. cereus. Determining whether the other T box regulated lysS genes play an ancillary role requires PU-H71 manufacturer further investigation. Notably, T box regulation of housekeeping aminoacyl tRNA synthetases is widespread, suggesting that it is some aspect of lysine metabolism that makes T box control of LysRS expression unsuitable as a regulatory mechanism. The LysRS1 T box element from B. cereus is functional and B. subtilis strains with T box control of LysRS1 and LysR2 expression are viable The unknown provenance and functionality of the T box element, selleck inhibitor despite the reported theoretical capability to form canonical T box element structures [8] prompted us to verify that it was functional and to ask whether strains of B. subtilis expressing a single copy of LysRS1 or LysRS2 controlled by this T box element are viable. We chose to conduct this study in B. subtilis because of the paucity of relevant auxotrophic B. cereus strains and other difficulties with antibiotic resistance and transformability.

However we consider B. subtilis to be a valid model system in which to conduct this study. Our results show that the T box element check is functional and can be induced up to 120-fold in response to lysine- or LysRS-depletion but not by depletion of non-cognate amino acids. Also strains of B. subtilis with expression of the endogenous LysRS2 controlled by this T box element are viable, and could not be distinguished from B. subtilis wild-type check details strain 168 during growth in rich or minimal medium. While a strain of B. subtilis expressing LysRS1 controlled by the T box element from B. cereus strain 14579 is also viable, it displays a growth defect when grown in rich

medium and cannot be propagated in minimal medium. However it is likely that these phenotypes result from the reduced catalytic activity of class I LysRS enzyme rather than from control of expression by the T box element. These results show there is no a priori reason precluding control of LysRS expression by a tRNALys-responsive T box element. It emphasizes the puzzling rarity of T box regulated LysRS expression and the restriction of its occurrence in B. cereus strain 14579 to controlling expression of a LysRS1 enzyme that plays an ancillary role in adapting cells to adverse conditions. The T box element controlling expression of LysRS1 in B. cereus strain 14579 can be induced by an increased level of uncharged tRNAAsn The unusual occurrence of tRNALys-responsive T box elements and the experimentally demonstrated viability of B.

Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;50:239–47.PubMedCrossRef 4. Chang HY, Tung CW, Lee PH, et al. Hyperuricemia as an independent risk factor of chronic kidney disease in middle-aged and elderly population. Am J Med Sci. 2010;339:509–15.PF-6463922 PubMed 5. Yamanaka H, Japanese Society of Gout and Nucleic Acid Metabolism. Japanese guideline for the management of hyperuricemia and gout: second edition. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids.

2011;30:1018–29.PubMedCrossRef 6. Gagliardi AC, Miname MH, Santos RD. Uric acid: a marker of increased cardiovascular risk. Atherosclerosis. 2009;202:11–7.PubMedCrossRef 7. Choi HK, Ford ES. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in individuals with hyperuricemia. Am J Med. 2007;120:442–7.PubMedCrossRef 8. Kodama S, Saito K, Yachi buy Fludarabine Y, et al. Association between serum uric acid and development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:1737–42.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 9. Feig DI. Uric acid: a novel mediator and marker of risk in chronic kidney disease? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2009;18:526–30.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 10. Siu YP, Leung KT, Tong MK, et al. Use of allopurinol in slowing the progression of renal disease

through its ability to lower serum uric acid level. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;47:51–9.PubMedCrossRef 11. Goicoechea M, de Vinuesa SG, Verdalles U, et al. Effect of allopurinol in chronic kidney disease progression and cardiovascular risk. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. GDC-0994 in vivo 2010;5:1388–93.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 12. Collins AJ, Foley RN, Chavers B et al.

‘United States Renal Data System 2011 Annual Data Report: Atlas of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease in the United States. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012; 59(1 Suppl 1):A7, e1–420. 13. Okamoto K, Eger BT, Nishino T, et al. An extremely potent inhibitor of xanthine oxidoreductase. Crystal structure of the enzyme-inhibitor complex and mechanism of inhibition. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:1848–55.PubMedCrossRef 14. Okamoto K, Matsumoto K, Hille R, et al. The crystal structure of xanthine oxidoreductase during catalysis: implications for reaction mechanism and enzyme inhibition. Proc Rucaparib supplier Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101:7931–6.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 15. Khanna D, Fitzgerald JD, Khanna PP, et al. 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 1: systematic nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapeutic approaches to hyperuricemia. Arthr Care Res (Hoboken). 2012;64:1431–46.CrossRef 16. Arellano F, Sacristán JA. Allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome: a review. Ann Pharmacother. 1993;27:337–43.PubMed 17. Emmerson BT, Gordon RB, Cross M, et al. Plasma oxipurinol concentrations during allopurinol therapy. Br J Rheumatol. 1987;26:445–9.PubMedCrossRef 18. Hande KR, Noone RM, Stone WJ. Severe allopurinol toxicity. Description and guidelines for prevention in patients with renal insufficiency. Am J Med. 1984;76:47–56.PubMedCrossRef 19. Dalbeth N, Kumar S, Stamp L, et al.

P25 SEX AND RACIAL DIFFERENCES OF OSTEOPOROSIS KNOWLEDGE AMONG PATIENTS PRESENTING FOR DXA Thuy Nguyen, MS, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Stephanie PF-02341066 purchase Edmonds, RN, MPH, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Samantha Solimeo, PhD, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Iowa City, IA; Fredric Wolinsky, PhD, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Douglas Roblin, PhD, Kaiser Permanente, Atlanta, GA; Kenneth Saag, MD, University of Alabama at Birmingham, VRT752271 Birmingham, AL; Peter

Cram, MD, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA BACKGROUND: In order to motivate patients in the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis and its related fracture, health care providers must understand patients’ knowledge of osteoporosis. Available evidence on osteoporosis knowledge is relatively limited and understanding of differences in knowledge among key patient subgroups is relatively unclear. The purpose of this study is to examine how osteoporosis-related knowledge differs by sex and race. METHODS: We identified patients enrolled in a large NIA-funded randomized controlled trial (the PAADRN Study, Clinical Trials.gov #NCT01507662). We selected adults 50 years of age or older who had been administered the 10-item ‘Osteoporosis and You’ knowledge scale. The scale’s summary score ranges from 0 to

10 with MK5108 in vitro a score of 10 representing greater knowledge. We compared osteoporosis knowledge according to patient sex and race. Linear regression and ANOVA were used to model the bivariate relationship between osteoporosis knowledge and predictors along with covariates such as past history of osteopenia or osteoporosis, age group, and study site. RESULTS: Our cohort consisted of 3,123 patients (mean age 67.0 years (±8.6), 82.8 % were female, 77.4 % were White, 20.5 % were Black, and 58.8 % had at least some college education) and 67.8 % Ribonucleotide reductase had previously undergone DXA. Overall mean knowledge

score was 7.6 (±1.9). In bivariate analysis, mean knowledge for females was 7.6 and for males was 7.1 (P < 0.0001); alternatively, mean knowledge for Whites was 7.8 and for Blacks was 6.6 (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients undergoing DXA, men had significantly lower osteoporosis knowledge than females and Blacks had lower knowledge than Whites. Future research is needed to better understand osteoporosis knowledge among key patient populations. P26 CHOOSING WISELY: EVALUATING THE APPROPRIATE USE OF DEXA IN OSTEOPOROSIS SCREENING OF WOMEN 50–64 YEARS OF AGE Shalu Bansal, MD, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Jennifer L. Pecina, MD, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Kurt A. Kennel, MD, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Stephen P. Merry, MD, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Julie A.