L׳analisi dei dati soggettivi è tuttavia necessaria per capire cosa accada realmente. Disponendo delle singole mosse (Fig. 5, Fig. B1, Fig. B2 and Fig. B3 dell׳Appendice B), i dati possono essere interpretati per gruppi: • Il gruppo M giunge all׳equilibrio di Nash (tratti paralleli) dopo 9 mosse della 1. fase. Nella 2. fase, senza flessione dei guadagni medi, si accorda sulla SdE mista BN-NB-NN. Nella 3.fase, la comparsa dell׳orso porta una dinamica non lineare a numero medio di “pesi” costante. Nella 4. fase, di pendenza media minore che nella 1. fase, si ha equilibrio sostenibile su SdE mista BN-NB-BB-BB a numero medio di

“pesi” nullo; Leggendo le partite per fasi come nella SPG, anche la 1. fase della SPC può definirsi Far West (sebbene l׳orso non ci sia ancora): non potendo accordarsi, i giocatori Veliparib mouse utilizzano l׳equilibrio di Nash come strategia di minimo rischio, portando il massimo guadagno a entrambi senza collaborazione. La 2. fase è di Risveglio solo per il gruppo M, che avvia proficuamente la collaborazione: nel gruppo F si protrae la 1. fase. La comparsa dell׳orso nella 3. fase porta al Risveglio solo F1, F2 invece continua la fase competitiva da Far West; nel gruppo M c׳è una strana fase difficilmente

classificabile. La 4. fase porta a un vero accordo di Kyoto nel gruppo M, mentre conferma il duello da Far West a parti invertite nel gruppo F. In breve, anche se l׳analisi dei dati soggettivi dovrà spiegarne la 3. fase, la partita del gruppo M è “vinta”, quella del gruppo F, fortemente competitiva per ragioni da individuare, “persa”. Nell׳Appendice GSK2118436 B si esplicitano le categorie individuate nei dati Low-density-lipoprotein receptor kinase soggettivi della SPC, riportando campioni significativi di commenti alle mosse e finali per ogni fase. La

loro lettura conferma o smentisce quanto ipotizzato dai dati oggettivi. La/il lettrice/tore interessato potrà ricorrervi: qui si presentano solo, nelle Fig. 9a-d, i diagrammi a ragnatela con gli spettri delle categorie dei gruppi M e F per fase; sotto ciascuno di essi, a parità di fase, gli spettri individuali su grafici cartesiani, con categorie in ascissa e loro frequenze di osservazione in ordinata. I diagrammi di gruppo sono ordinati secondo le frequenze del gruppo M (F se uguali), l׳unico a realizzare una SdE sostenibile. Ciò ordina anche le ascisse degli spettri individuali (frequenze maggiori nel gruppo, ascisse minori nel singolo), ma non le ordinate, legate a scelte individuali (i diagrammi di gruppo sono normalizzati a tutte le risposte, quelli individuali a quelle del singolo). Per ottenere un quadro coerente con la SPG su protocolli di gioco diversi, si ricorda che l׳analisi comparata dei gruppi o dei singoli è per categorie trasversali alle fasi, non per diagrammi a esse relativi (che condividono categorie).

Istotne jest, aby promować wspólne korzystanie z multimediów przez dzieci i rodziców, którzy pomogą dzieciom tworzyć możliwości filtrowania informacyjnej powodzi. Ważna jest również Akt assay nauka dokonywania krytycznej analizy oraz omawianie znaczenia przekazywanej informacji. Z kolei, pediatrzy powinni zachęcać

rodziców do rozmów z dziećmi na temat korzyści i zagrożeń korzystania z internetu. Na poziomie społeczności lokalnych powinno się dążyć do inicjowania działań profilaktycznych i edukacyjnych zwiększających kompetencje poznawcze dzieci i wzrost ich świadomości przy korzystaniu ze środków masowego przekazu. Takie programy powinny organizować władze lokalne we współpracy z przedszkolami i szkołami, a nawet należałoby kształtować świadomość rodziców już na zajęciach przygotowujących do porodu. Na szczeblu państwowym niezbędne jest edukowanie społeczeństwa i wszystkie zainteresowane strony w celu zwiększenia świadomości, że Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor niekontrolowana

ekspozycja dzieci na szkodliwy wpływ mediów masowych jest formą krzywdzenia emocjonalnego i zaniedbania. Należy promować lobby na rzecz wprowadzenia przepisów chroniących dzieci, realizując europejską strategię „zdrowie we wszystkich politykach” ze wskazaniem różnych form takich działań. Według kolejności. Nie występuje. Nie występuje. Treści przedstawione w artykule są zgodne z zasadami Deklaracji Helsińskiej, dyrektywami EU oraz ujednoliconymi wymaganiami dla czasopism biomedycznych. Badania własne zostały przeprowadzone zgodnie z zasadami Dobrej Praktyki Klinicznej. “
“Sepsis is the most common cause of death in infants and children in the world [1]. The incidence of pediatric sepsis has been recently estimated to be 0.56/1000 children with the highest incidence in infancy at 5.6/1000; overall mortality is 10.6% [2]. Sepsis is a complex, highly variable, multiple system, clinical process induced by pathogens that

causes a deleterious, systemic host response [3]. Organ dysfunction is the final tissue sequelae in response to severe sepsis and the ultimate determinant of survival. It has been amply demonstrated that septic hosts who have progressive multiple organ failure are much Suplatast tosilate more likely to succumb to severe sepsis than those who develop a single or no organ dysfunction in response to sepsis [4] and [5]. The diagnosis of sepsis and evaluation of its severity is complicated by the highly variable and non-specific nature of the signs and symptoms of sepsis [6]. However, the early diagnosis and stratification of the severity of sepsis is very important, increasing the possibility of starting timely and specific treatment [7]. Biomarkers can have an important place in this process since they can indicate the presence/absence or severity of sepsis [8]. One of the potential biomarkers with the chaperone-like activity is clusterin.

However, these studies are not fully comparable due to differences regarding doses and species and the time point when the modified diet was introduced. Further Ryan et al. housed their mice in cages made of polycarbonate and used water bottles also made of polycarbonate, which might have been sources of BPA contamination in the control groups masking subtle effects, though it was otherwise a very sound study. The above mentioned studies were carried out with rodents which are said to be poor models for BPA in humans due to different toxicokinetics. According to a study by Tominaga et al. using nonhuman primates; chimpanzees (Pantroglodytes verus) and cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca

fascicularis), there are differences also among different primate species. In rodents the BPA T½ is longer, primarily explained by enterohepatic

recirculation in rodents but not in primates. The conjugation Dabrafenib rate in the liver is faster in rodents than in primates, primarily explained by a higher hepatic blood flow-rate in rodents ( Tominaga et al., 2006). However, there seem to be no differences in the metabolites formed e.g. it is a question of rate and time and not in the fate of BPA. The calculated mean exposure in humans is well below the TDI, but there are still uncertainties about the exact sources of exposure. Further, based on the WHO report: “Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting to Review Toxicological and Health Aspects of Bisphenol A Summary Report” (http://www.who.int/foodsafety/chem/chemicals/BPA_Summary2010.pdf), the most sensitive individuals – newborn babies – are also the ones with highest exposure. R428 clinical trial According to this report the highest estimated exposure occurs in infants 0–6 months of age who are fed with liquid formula out of PC bottles: 2.4 μg/kg bw per day (mean) and 4.5 μg/kg bw per day (95th percentile), which is very close to the lowest dose used in the present study. In children, teenagers and adults the mean exposure was <0.01–0.40 μg/kg bw per day. Prenatal exposure to BPA has been shown to increase expression of

lipogenic Idoxuridine genes and adipocyte size in rodents (Marmugi et al., 2012 and Somm et al., 2009). Studies on isolated cells have shown BPA to induce production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-alpha (Yamashita et al., 2005), and to induce expression of adipogenic transcription factors (Phrakonkham et al., 2008), including PPAR-gamma activation (Kwintkiewicz et al., 2010). How these in vitro findings relate to the present finding of an increase in liver fat infiltration in combined exposure to fructose and BPA is not understood. The above-mentioned study by Marmugi et al. further suggests that exposure to low BPA doses may influence de novo fatty acid synthesis and thereby contributing to hepatic steatosis in mice (Marmugi et al., 2012). Interestingly, fructose has also been pointed out as a possible contributor to similar effects on the liver by its interaction with the Glut5 receptor (Lustig, 2010).

The hydrological droughts on daily time scale at low truncation levels

such as Q90, Q95 have buy LBH589 also been attempted on non-stationary daily flows using the frequency analysis of observed durations and magnitudes (Zelenhasic and Salvai, 1987 and Tallaksen et al., 1997). Although the assessment and prediction of meteorological droughts on weekly time scale have been practiced using the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) or Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), in literature only a few studies on the modeling of hydrological droughts on weekly time scale have been reported. The analysis of hydrological droughts on weekly time scale is desirable because effects of droughts are more palpable in agricultural production, municipal water supplies, small-scale hydro generation etc. The development of suitable predictive and assessment tools for hydrologic droughts at weekly time scale would be useful in managing available water resources

and off-setting effects of droughts. This paper attempts to develop suitable methodology to analyze and predict hydrological droughts at weekly time scale. The paper also embodies the results of drought models for comparative purposes at annual and monthly time scales in Canadian OSI-906 research buy streamflows. It has been observed (Bonacci, 1993, Woo and Tarhule, 1994, Sharma, 1997 and Sharma, 2000) that in general the drought intensity (I, i.e. MT = I × LT) is poorly Clomifene correlated to LT. In view of a poor correlation (i.e. near independence) between these

two entities, the above relationship can be expressed in terms of expectations as E(MT) = E(I) × E(LT), which allows the prediction of drought magnitude with a priori knowledge of drought length. The drought intensity (I) can be modeled satisfactorily by the truncated normal distribution of SHI values which are laying below the truncation level. The modeling of drought length or duration (LT) is therefore essential in addressing the issues related to hydrological droughts. In the past, the theorem of extremes of random numbers of random variables ( Todorovic and Woolhiser, 1975; referred to hereafter as the extreme number theorem) has been used to model LT on annual flow series ( Sen, 1980a, Sharma, 1997, Sharma, 1998, Sharma, 2000, Panu and Sharma, 2002 and Panu and Sharma, 2009) and monthly flow series ( Sharma and Panu, 2008). Further, Sharma and Panu (2010) noted that the above theorem breaks down when the SHI sequences are strongly dependent (i.e. lag-1 autocorrelation being above 0.50) to the first order and/or extend to the second or higher order dependence (in case of weekly time scale). The monthly and weekly SHI sequences exhibit this tendency when the rivers are originating in lakes or passing through them. Under these circumstances, a second order Markov chain model tends to recover the analysis for modeling LT.

With the relatively recent advent of commercial 7 T scanners, MSK imaging using 7 T MRI is a research area of growing interest [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11] and [12]. Cabozantinib cost Given the results of 3 T MSK imaging, MRI at 7 T may have additional value in terms of higher spatial resolution and different types of contrast, to enhance visualization of morphologic changes [3]. Imaging of the human vertebral column at high-field is one of MSK’s most challenging applications. The location of the human spine close to the center of the body makes high demands on

radiofrequency (RF) coil design, and can lead to very low SNR in the anterior part

of the spine. In order to image the entire spinal cord in two or three positions of the patient table, a large field-of-view (FOV) must be acquired while maintaining high spatial resolution. Currently no commercial 7 T system offers either a body transmit coil or dedicated RF receive coils for the spine. In designing appropriate RF coils, one has to contend with the well-characterized increase in magnetic field (B1) inhomogeneities caused by the high dielectric BMS-354825 constant of tissue, the decreased electromagnetic wavelength in tissue at high-fields, and also the increased specific absorption rate (SAR) [13], [14], [15] and [16]. Although not specifically targeting the spinal cord, Vaughan et al. [16] have shown, using a highly Sulfite dehydrogenase sophisticated whole-body transmit/receive TEM resonator, that images of the spinal cord can be acquired at 7 T. Other groups have designed coils at 7 T to study specific sections of the vertebral column. Wu et al. [8] used a transceiver array consisting of eight non-overlapping microstrip loop elements, with novel adjustable inductive decoupling

networks between each element of the array. The length of the array was ∼50 cm, which was shown to be sufficient to be able to cover the lumbar spine. Parallel imaging with a reduction factor of up-to-four was shown to be feasible using this RF coil setup. A particularly interesting design has been shown by Kraff et al. [17]. They used an eight element transmit/receive array consisting of two rows of shifted, overlapping square structures in which a 180° phase shift was introduced between the two rows of elements to increase the B1+ amplitude along the centerline of the coil, while simultaneously canceling out the signal from tissue either side of the centerline. Using this approach they were able to acquire three-dimensional gradient echo images with very high spatial resolution, and also show that parallel imaging techniques could successfully be implemented.

The concentrations in the single-dosing experiments were likely determined at a point in time when concentrations were increasing or decreasing and may thus not represent maximum tissue concentrations and certainly not steady-state concentrations. Whole blood MDA concentrations were not significantly higher than in control rats after 7 wk of low-level exposure to α-cypermethrin, curcumin or α-cypermethrin plus curcumin. Simultaneous ingestion of α-cypermethrin and curcumin, however, significantly reduced MDA concentrations in comparison with exposure to α-cypermethrin alone (Table 2). α-Cypermethrin-feeding, alone or in combination with curcumin, did

not alter MDA concentrations in the liver, kidney, brain or visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues (Table 3). Application BIBW2992 concentration of a single dose of 125 mg/kg bodyweight cypermethrin by oral gavage previously Ceritinib price resulted in increased concentrations of MDA in plasma (by 54%), liver, and kidney in female

Wistar rats [9]. Other authors also reported increased markers of oxidative damage (MDA, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, or “oxidation index”) in erythrocytes, brains, livers, or kidneys after single (≥100 mg/kg bodyweight) or repeated (≥12.5 mg/kg bodyweight for ≥28 d) gastric intubation of rats [11], [13], [23], [27] and [41]. At low doses of 2.5 mg cypermethrin per kg BW for 60 d, however, no lipid peroxidation was observed in erythrocytes [27]. Whole blood concentrations of total glutathione did not differ from control in α-cypermethrin- and α-cypermethrin plus curcumin-fed rats, but were significantly lower in only curcumin-fed rats (Table 2), although the extent of the effect was small. Bacterial neuraminidase In liver and adipose tissues, reduced glutathione concentrations were similar in all groups. Only in the kidney, the combination of α-cypermethrin plus curcumin significantly increased reduced glutathione concentrations, whereas the pesticide and the phytochemical alone, did only numerically increase it (Table 3). The oxidized form of glutathione,

glutathione disulfide, was significantly higher in the kidney and subcutaneous adipose tissue and numerically increased in the liver and visceral adipose tissue of α-cypermethrin-fed rats compared to control animals (Table 3). Ingestion of curcumin did not affect glutathione disulfide concentrations in these tissues and, consequently, its co-ingestion with α-cypermethrin did not mitigate the α-cypermethrin-induced increase in glutathione disulfide concentrations (Table 3). In comparison to control, α-cypermethrin, curcumin, or the combination of both did not alter SOD activity. Compared to α-cypermethrin-fed rats, the combination of α-cypermethrin and curcumin increased SOD activity (Table 2). CAT activity in whole blood was not different between groups (Table 2).

Under these conditions of (uncertain) sea-level rise and raising of the asset, the overall (or effective) expected number, NovNov, of exceedances (>zP+a)(>zP+a) during the period T, becomes equation(3) Nov=∫−∞∞P(z′)Nμ−zP+Δz+z′−aλdz

The function, NN, is often well-fitted by a generalised extreme-value distribution   (GEV  ). The simplest of these, the Gumbel   distribution, fits most sea-level extremes quite well (e.g. van den Brink and Können, 2011). The Gumbel distribution may be expressed as (e.g. Coles, 2001, p. 47) equation(4) F=exp−expμ−zPλwhere F   is the probability that there will be no exceedances >zP>zP during the prescribed learn more period, T. From Eqs. (1), (2) and (4) equation(5) N=Nμ−zPλ=expμ−zPλμμ is therefore the value of z  P for which N  =1 during the period T  , and λλ, the ‘scale parameter’, is an e-folding distance in the vertical. Globally, the scale parameter has a quite narrow range; for the sea-level records described in Section 4, the 5-percentile, median and 95-percentile values of the scale parameter are 0.05 m, 0.12 m and 0.19 m, respectively.

Again, as noted in Section 1, it is assumed that the scale parameter, λλ, does not change with a rise in selleck products sea level. It will also be noted later (Section 6) that Eq. (5) is only valid over the restricted range of zP that encompasses the high extreme values. Eq. (3) therefore becomes (Hunter, 2012): equation(6) Nov=∫−∞∞P(z′)expμ−zP+Δz+z′−aλdz′=NexpΔz+λln∫−∞∞P(z′)expz′λdz′−a/λ In order to preserve the expected number of exceedances (or flooding events), we require that Nov=NNov=N. Therefore, the allowance, a  , is equal to the term Δz+λln(⋯) in the last part of Eq. (6). This C59 chemical structure allowance is composed of two parts: the mean sea-level rise, ΔzΔz, and the term λln(⋯), which arises from the uncertainty in future sea-level rise. Hunter (2012) evaluated the allowance for three types of uncertainty distribution for future sea-level rise: a normal distribution, a boxcar (uniform) distribution

and a raised cosine distribution. The resulting allowances may all be expressed as simple analytical expressions, involving the Gumbel scale parameter, λλ, the central value of the estimated rise, ΔzΔz, and its standard deviation, σσ. We here estimate the allowances using normal and raised cosine distributions, the former having fatter tails and therefore yielding higher allowances (the raised-cosine distribution falls to zero at a finite distance from the central value, the total range of the distribution being about 1.7 times the 5- to 95-percentile range). Both distributions were fitted to the 5- and 95-percentile range of the IPCC AR4 projections of sea-level rise, with the central value, ΔzΔz, being the mean of the 5- and 95-percentile values. For a normal uncertainty distribution of future sea-level rise, the allowance is given by Δz+σ2/(2λ)Δz+σ2/(2λ) (Hunter, 2012). A typical sea-level rise projection for 2100 relative to 1990 for the A1FI emission scenario is 0.5±0.

Osteosarcoma is the most common type of human primary malignant bone tumor characterized by an aggressive clinical course [5]. It usually develops in children and young adults. The mechanisms that orchestrate the multiple oncogenic

insults required for osteosarcoma carcinogenesis and progression are still largely unclear. To date, deregulated miRNAs and their roles in osteosarcoma development have attracted much attention. Some of them, including miR-31, miR-34, miR-20a, miR-140 and miR-143, have been reported to participate in the initiation and progression of osteosarcoma and modulate the biological properties Ku-0059436 of cancer cells [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14] and [15]. However, LDK378 cell line the detailed roles of miRNAs in cancer biology, especially in osteosarcoma,

still need to be further investigated. miR-133a has been recognized as a muscle specific miRNA which may regulate myoblast differentiation and participate in myogenic and heart diseases [16], [17] and [18]. And recently, miR-133a is also reported to be an important regulator in osteogenesis, as its expression is downregulated in bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-induced osteogenesis and it can target and suppress RunX2 expression to inhibit osteoblast differentiation [19]. But whether miR-133a is deregulated in osteosarcoma and its potential roles in osteosarcoma carcinogenesis and progression are still unknown. In this study, we have taken efforts to explore the potential roles of miR-133a in osteosarcoma development. The expression of miR-133a in clinically resected human osteosarcoma tissues was evaluated, and the correlation between miR-133a deregulation and osteosarcoma progression was analyzed. Furthermore, the roles of miR-133a in osteosarcoma development and the underlying mechanisms were investigated. Our data indicate the roles of miR-133a in the control of Dynein cell growth

and apoptosis in osteosarcoma, and suggest the potential therapeutic application of miR-133a for osteosarcoma patients. Surgically resected paired osteosarcoma tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues used in qRT-PCR and Western blot were collected from 92 primary osteosarcoma patients who received operations between 2006 and 2009 at Changhai Hospital (Shanghai, China), and the detailed information of these patients were shown in Supplementary Table 1. Surgically removed tissues were quickly frozen in liquid nitrogen until analysis. All samples were collected with the informed consents of the patients and the experiments were approved by the ethics committee of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China. The investigations were conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki principles. Total RNA, including miRNA, was extracted using miRNeasy kit (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Existem descrições isoladas entre adenocarcinomas duodenais e GIST do intestino delgado em pacientes com neurofibromatose20. No entanto, o nosso doente não apresenta qualquer sinal compatível com a presença de neurofibromatose, não existindo igualmente história familiar. Assim, entendemos que a presença do tumor de estroma com baixo potencial de malignidade foi um achado incidental. O adenocarcinoma duodenal é uma entidade rara associado a uma sintomatologia bastante fruste. A suspeita diagnóstica deve estar presente em doente com anemia e sinais e sintomas relacionados com o trato gastrointestinal superior. O diagnóstico endoscópico

e histológico pode ser realizado através da realização de endoscopia digestiva alta Selleck BI-2536 com intubação profunda ou através de novas técnicas (enteroscopia ou videocápsula). A tomografia computorizada é útil no diagnóstico e estadiamento destes AZD6244 solubility dmso tumores. A cirurgia continua

a ser o único tratamento curativo. Os autores declaram que para esta investigação não se realizaram experiências em seres humanos e/ou animais. Os autores declaram ter seguido os protocolos de seu centro de trabalho acerca da publicação dos dados de pacientes e que todos os pacientes incluídos no estudo receberam informações suficientes e deram o seu consentimento informado por escrito para participar nesse estudo. Os autores declaram ter recebido consentimento escrito dos pacientes e/ ou sujeitos mencionados no artigo. O autor para correspondência deve estar na posse deste documento. Os autores declaram não haver conflito de interesses. “
“Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn’s disease (CD) and Ulcerative colitis (UC) should be approached

as multisystemic diseases. Extraintestinal BCKDHB manifestations in IBD are widely recognized, sometimes precede intestinal symptoms or have a more severe behavior than gastrointestinal involvement. On the other hand, complications secondary to medications can involve virtually any organ or system. Neurologic complications are not infrequent but are less recognized when compared to other organ complications. Different mechanisms are believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of central and peripheral nervous system disorders, which may present separately or in combination. Neurologic manifestations in patients with IBD can be ascribed to several pathophysiological mechanisms, one being malabsorption and nutritional deficiencies (particularly vitamin B1, B12, D, E, folic acid and nicotinamide).1 and 2 In addition, unspecified neuronal influence of enteric disease onto the nervous system (and vice versa) can hypothetically play a role, based on contemporary theories considering the existence of a brain‐gut axis, as well as from studies on functional neuroimaging.

Overall, these lesions are more common in males and are located in the middle or lower third of esophagus. The possible association with primary esophageal melanoma awaits further investigation to determine whether there is a common pathogenesis or a coincidence of two rare entities in the same patient. Due to its rarity, no current recommendations regarding management and surveillance are available.3 The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. “
“Doente do sexo masculino, 37 anos, eurocaucasiano, homossexual. Infeção VIH 1 diagnosticada em 2004, mantendo-se ZD1839 sem indicação

para terapêutica antirretrovírica. Recorreu à consulta por quadro com 4 semanas de evolução de tenesmo, falsas vontades, diarreia, retorragias, proctalgia e proctorreia. Realizara em ambulatório fibrosigmoidoscopia com biopsias, sendo diagnosticada proctite ulcerosa. Iniciara 5-ASA tópico, sem melhoria sintomática. Ao exame objetivo apresentava adenopatias inguinais indolores,

com cerca de 2 cm. O toque retal era doloroso, apresentando dedo de luva com sangue. Repetiu a fibrosigmoidoscopia, que mostrou anite e mucosa do reto distal edemaciada, com grande friabilidade e numerosas formações nodulares, 17-AAG concentration ulceradas (Figura 1 and Figura 2). As biopsias retais mostraram mucosa de intestino distal com erosões associadas a exsudado fibrinogranulocitário suprajacente, marcado infiltrado inflamatório misto do córion, ligeira atrofia e distorção glandular e depleção de células caliciformes (fig. 3). A imunomarcação para citomegalovírus e a pesquisa de parasitas foram negativas. Foi efetuada PCR para Chlamydia

trachomatis (C. trachomatis) (CT) nas biopsias e exsudado retal, que foi positiva. O exame cultural isolou serotipo L2. Da avaliação analítica destaca-se IgG positiva para CT. Laboratorialmente, não se verificaram outras alterações, apresentando serologias para vírus herpes simplex (HSV), CMV e Treponema pallidum negativas. A pesquisa de Neisseria gonorrhoeae CYTH4 (N. gonorrhoeae) foi negativa. Foi medicado com doxiciclina (100 mg po bid durante 3 semanas), com melhoria sintomática ao fim da primeira semana. O linfogranuloma venéreo (LGV) é uma causa rara mas reconhecida de proctite. Consiste numa doença sexualmente transmissível (DST) causada pelos serotipos L1, L2 ou L3 da bactéria intracelular C. trachomatis (CT) 1. O serotipo L2 é o mais frequentemente responsável por proctite. É uma infeção rara em países industrializados. No entanto, a partir de 2004, inicialmente na Holanda e progressivamente noutros países da Europa, tem sido reportado um surto de casos em homossexuais masculinos, estando a maioria (> 70%) co-infetada pelo HIV2.