These findings, for the first time, unified the current different observations about the effect of bortezomib on survivin expression, apoptosis induction and bortezomib resistance, and warranted further mechanistic studies and application of these findings in cancer therapeutics.

Methods Cell culture and reagents Colon cancer cell lines (HCT116p53+/+, HCT116p53-/-), lung cancer cell check details lines (EKVX and A549), prostate cancer cells (PC-3 and LNCaP) and multiple myeloma cell lines (KMS11 and RPMI8226) were maintained in RPMI 1640 medium. Breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) were cultured in DMEM medium. All cell cultural mediums were supplied with 10% fetal bovine

serum (FBS, Atlanta Biologicals, Lawrenceville, GA) and penicillin (100 units/ml)/streptomycin (0.1 μg/ml) (Invitrogen, Grand Island, NY). Cells were routinely subcultured twice a week and maintained in a humidified incubator Ceritinib with 5% CO2 at 37°C. Polyclonal anti-actin antibody and goat peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG antibody were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). Survivin antibody (FL-142) was purchased from Santa Cruz (Santa Cruz, CA), MTT (tetrazolium salt, 3- [4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5,-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and leupeptin were purchased from Usb (Cleveland, OH). Cell treatment and siRNA/shRNA transfection/infection Cells grown in medium containing Vorinostat clinical trial 10% serum were treated with and without bortezomib in various concentrations (see text and results) for 24 – 72 hours were harvested and followed by various analyses. siRNA transfection [35] and shRNA infection [36] were performed as previously described MTT cell viability assay Effect of bortezomib on cell growth was determined by MTT assay. MTT was used as a colorimetric substrate for measuring cell viability. Non-viable cells, with altered cellular redox activity, are unable to reduce the MTT dye. After 72 hours with or

without bortezomib treatment, MTT was added (to a final concentration of 0.5 mg/ml). Cells in 96-well plates were incubated in a 5% CO2 incubator at 37°C for 4 hours, and then lysed thoroughly with lysis buffer (20% SDS, 50% N, N-dimethylformamide, pH 4.7, 100 μl/well). The absorbance in the relevant wells was measured at 570 nm using an Ultra Microplate Reader (Bio-Tek Instruments). Flow cytometry analysis Cells at sub-confluence (~30%) were treated with bortezomib at 0, 5, 10 and 50 nM for 48 hours and then harvested by trypsinization and washed with PBS. Cells (~1 × 106) were resuspended in 5 ml 70% ethanol. After the initial fixation, cells were suspended in 0.5 ml PBS containing 25 μg/ml propidium iodide (PI), 0.2% Triton X-100 and 40 μg/ml RNase A and incubated for at least 30 minutes at 4°C.

Table 2 Differences of biomarkers between primary tumor and lymph node metastasis tumor   cytoplasmic CXCR4 CCR7 CXCL12 CCL21 EGFR   Low High P Low High P Low High P Low High P Low High P   (n) (n)   (n) (n)   (n) (n)   (n) (n)   (n) (n)   PT 31 69 .372 30 70 .336 62 38 .016* 52 48 .004** 49 51 .572 MT 38 62   23 77   45 55   32 68   53 Akt inhibitor 47   PT means primary tumor, MT means lymph node metastasis tumor. The differences of the biomarker between primary tumors and metastasis tumors were tested by pearson χ2 analysis. *P

< 0.05, **P < 0.01 Correlation between CXCR4, CCR7, EGFR and HER-2/neu Although neither ER nor PR positivity was associated with degree of the biomarkers, HER2 over-expression was correlated with CXCR4 cytoplasmic positivity Selleck XL184 (p = 0.039; Table 1). As indicated by reports, the expression rate of HER2/nu in breast cancer is approximately 25%. In the results of this study, the expression of HER2 was nearly 20%, and among CXCR4 cytoplasmic positive patients, approximately 40% were associated with HER2 expression. In summary, tumors positive for CXCR4 cytoplasmic staining are more likely to be positive for HER2 over-expression. As an independent prognostic factor for breast cancer patients, EGFR is associated with a number of

pathological characteristics of breast cancer. According to the results, EGFR expression is correlated with lymph node metastasis and histological grade (Table 1). Interestingly, during analysis, it was discovered that close to 70% 17-DMAG (Alvespimycin) HCl of patients with high EGFR expression were CXCR4 and CCR7 positive as well. Spearmam’s rank correlation analysis revealed that EGFR expression was significantly associated with CXCR4 cytoplasmic positivity and high CCR7 expression

(P < 0.01; Table 3). Table 3 Correlation of CXCR4, CCR7 and EGFR Variable Rho P value CXCR4 cytoplasmic and EGFR 0.255 <0.001** CXCR4 nuclear and EGFR 0.046 0.515 CXCR4 cytoplasmic and CCR7 0.383 <0.001** CXCR4 nuclear and CCR7 0.188 0.008** CCR7 and EGFR 0.186 0.008** The correlation between every two biomarkers was tested by Spearman’s rank correlation test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 Concordance of CXCR4, CXCL12, CCR7, and CCL21 expression After performing IHC staining for the two CXCL12 and CCL21 chemokines, it was revealed that these were correlated with one another (P = 0.017, Table 4), indicating a tendency towards co-expression of these molecules in tumors. Hence, the expression of their receptors, CXCR4 and CCR7 was likely to be tightly linked (P = .008; Table 4). No significant association was present between the expression of CXCR4 and CXCL12, nor between CCR7 and its chemokine ligand CCL21 (Table 4). Table 4 Correlation of CXCR4, CCR7 and their ligands CXCL12, CCL21 Variable Rho P value CXCR4 cytoplasmic and CXCL12 0.035 0.731 CCR7 and CCL21 0.017 0.863 CXCL12 and CCL21 0.238 0.

Cell invasion assay The cell invasion assay was performed using a 24-well Transwell chamber (Costar, USA). At 24 h following anti-BDNF treatment, cells (1 × 104) were detached and seeded in the upper chamber of a 8 μm pore size insert precoated with Matrigel (BD, USA) and cultured in serum-free medium for 24 h. Cells were allowed to migrate towards medium containing 10% FBS in the bottom chamber. The non-migratory cells on the upper membrane surface were Selleckchem Alectinib removed with a cotton tip, and the migratory cells attached to the lower

membrane surface were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and stained with crystal violet. The number of migrated cells was counted in 5 randomly selected 200× power fields under microscope. Data presented are representative of three individual wells. Statistical analysis The SPSS 13.0 software was applied to complete data processing. χ2-test was applied to analyze the correlations between BDNF or TrkB expression and clinicopathological characteristics. T-test was used to

evaluate the difference of BDNF secretion between HepG2 and HCCLM3 cells. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the differences between cells with various treatments. All data were represented as mean ± SD and results were considered statistically Y 27632 significant when the p-value was less than 0.05. Results The expressions of BDNF and TrkB in 65 cases of HCC by immunohistochemistry BDNF was expressed in 57 (87.7%) HCC samples. We considered that 41 (63.1%) cases of HCC were higher expression

Montelukast Sodium (scores of 4) and 24 cases (36.9%) were lower expression (scores of 0, 1 or 2), including negative ones, as described in Materials and methods. The positive expression rate of TrkB in HCC tissues was 55.4% (36/65), and 44.6% were negative (26/65), as described in Materials and methods. Since BDNF/TrkB have been reported to facilitate survival and metastasis of tumor cells [22], the association between BDNF or TrkB expressions and the presence of intrahepatic dissemination at the time of resection was analyzed statistically in the present study. More cases of intrahepatic multiple tumors were found in HCCs with BDNF higher expression (p = 0.002). Likewise, HCCs with negative TrkB tended to be solitary tumors (p = 0.049). In addition, patients with more BDNF or positive TrkB expression had advanced stage of HCC (p = 0.005, p = 0.013). Moreover, a significant difference of BDNF, not TrkB expression was detected between variously differentiated HCCs (p = 0.036), and between HCCs with or without lymph node metastasis (p = 0.016). Samples of BDNF and TrkB expression in HCCs are shown in Figure 1. The correlations of BDNF or TrkB expression and clinicopathological characteristics are shown in Table 1 and 2. Figure 1 BDNF and TrkB expressions in HCC by immunohistochemistry. A and B, high BDNF and TrkB immunoreactivity in multiple HCC. C and D, positive BDNF and TrkB immunostaining in solitary HCC. Original magnification: all ×400.

8 and 3.2 fold) of transcription were observed. This is in agreement with a prior report of decreased transcription of PLX4032 datasheet ciaB under starvation stress [10]. HtrA is important for stress tolerance and survival of Gram-negative bacteria as it degrades periplasmic proteins that misfold under stress [36, 37]. HtrA is also important for the virulence of C. jejuni[39, 55–57], and we showed herein that HtrA is important for intra-amoeba survival of C. jejuni by using the htrA mutant (Figure  3). However, limited data are available regarding htrA transcriptional regulation during environmental stress in C. jejuni. Our qRT-PCR results showed that

heat, oxidative and low nutrient stresses only slightly altered htrA transcription. Because the basal level of transcription of htrA is rather high and only limited OSI-906 clinical trial variations in transcription were observed under stress, the levels of HtrA protein may be sufficient to maintain a proper periplasmic environment under all conditions tested. Surprisingly, osmotic stress heavily repressed the transcription of htrA (~10 fold). Such down-regulation is counter-intuitive since

hyper osmotic stress likely causes aggregation of proteins upon loss of cellular fluids by osmosis. Other stress-response mechanisms may be up-regulated to counter-act the down-regulation of transcription of htrA. Their identity is up for debate since C. jejuni does not have the traditional CpX and RseA/B stress response systems

[39]. While the DnaJ chaperone plays a role in C. jejuni thermo-tolerance and in chicken colonization [11, 38], and dnaJ transcription was shown previously to be enhanced under heat stress [12], we did not observe any effect of heat stress on the transcription of dnaJ. This discrepancy is likely due to the very different heat stresses applied. Our study was geared at studying changes occurring during the chain of transmission (change from ambient to chicken temperature of 42°C) and during food processing (warm up to 55°C) as also reported by Gundogdu et al. [13], Etofibrate while available transcriptional studies are more focused on changes occurring during chicken/human host transition (42–37°C variations) [12]. Altogether, although the levels of transcriptional regulation were generally low and varied between the three virulence-associated genes tested, similar trends were observed: up-regulations upon oxidative and heat stress versus down-regulation upon low nutrient and osmotic stresses. This indicates that stress-response mechanisms other than those encoded by the three genes investigated are more important in assisting cells to overcome low nutrient and osmotic stresses. Effect of pre-exposure to stress on uptake of C.

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Accessed 29 March 2012. Larignon P, Dubos B (1997) Fungi associated with esca disease in grapevine. Eur J Plant Pathol 103:147–157CrossRef Larignon P, Dubos B (2000) Preliminary Selleckchem Poziotinib studies on the biology of Phaeoacremonium. Phytopathol Mediterr 39:184–189 Maharachchikumbura SSN, Guo LD, Chukeatirote E, Bahkali AH, Hyde KD (2011) Pestalotiopsis—morphology, phylogeny, biochemistry and diversity. Fungal Divers 50:167–187CrossRef Manamgoda DS, Cai L, Bhkali AH, Chukeatirote E, Hyde KD (2011) Cochliobolus: an overview and current status of species. Fungal Divers 51(S1):3–42CrossRef Marchi G (2001) Susceptibility this website to esca of various grapevine (Vitis vinifera) cultivars grafted on different rootstocks in a vineyard in the province of Siena (Italy). Phytopathol Mediterr 40:27–36 Martin MT, Cobos R (2007) Identification of fungi associated with grapevine decline in Castilla y Leon (Spain). Phytopathol Mediterr 46:18–25 McCutcheon TL, Carrol GC, Schwab S (1993) Genotypic diversity in populations of a fungal endophyte from douglas fir. Mycologia 85(2):180–186CrossRef Mostert L, Crous PW, Petrini O (2000) Endophytic fungi associated with shoots and leaves of Vitis vinifera,

with specific reference to the Phomopsis viticola complex. Sydowia 52:46–58 Mostert L, Ablen ECA, Halleen F, Crous PW (2006) Genetic diversity among isolates of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora on grapevines. Aust Plant Pathol 35(4):453–460CrossRef Mugnai L, Contesini AM, Surico

G, Graniti A, Imbriani R, Bianco N (1996) Recenti progressi nella conoscenza del “mal dell’esca” della vite in Italia, in Convegno nazionale ‘Arsenico, Sí-No’, Codroipo, Udine, 14 dicembre 1995, Forum Fitoiatrici, ERSA, Udine, pp 115–122. Mugnai L, Graniti A, Surico G (1999) Esca (black measles) and brown wood-streaking: two old and elusive diseases of grapevines. Plant Dis 83(5):404–418CrossRef Munkvold GP, Marois JJ (1995) Factors associated with variation in susceptibility of grapevine pruning wounds to infection by Eutypa lata. Phytopathology 85:249–256CrossRef Neubert Fossariinae K, Mendgen K, Brinkmann H, Wirsel SGR (2006) Only a few fungal species dominate highly diverse mycofloras associated with the common red. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:1118–1128PubMedCrossRef O’Brien HE, Parrent JL, Jackson JA, Moncalvo JM, Vilgalys R (2005) Fungal community analysis by large-scale sequencing of environmental samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:5544–5550PubMedCrossRef Phillips AJL (2000) Excoriose, cane blight and related diseases of grapevines: a taxonomic review of the pathogens. Phytopathol Mediterr 39(3):341–356 Promputtha I, Lumyong S, Dhanasekaran V, McKenzie EHC, Hyde KD, Jeewon R (2007) A phylogenetic evaluation of whether endophytes become saprotrophs at host senescence.

2 × 1 m2, with the edges of the electrodes assumed to be open. Usually, plasma equipment is designed so that the edge of the electrode is not exposed to the plasma. Sometimes, the edges of the electrode will be supported by dielectric materials such as quartz and ceramics, in which case

the edges are terminated by the capacitance formed by the dielectrics. In such a case, in order to minimize the power loss, the electrode supporting system will be designed so that the capacitance becomes as small as possible, in which case the impedance is close to that of the open case. The electrode was divided into small elements of which the size is 0.01 × 0.01 m (ΔX = ΔY = 0.01 m). Both C p and G p are assumed to stay constant with relatively small variation in the electrode voltage. C p and G p values

were calculated from the measured impedance of atmospheric-pressure helium plasma (Z p) shown Palbociclib manufacturer in Figure 2. Table 2 shows the plasma impedance Z p, admittance Y p, and (parallel) capacitance C p used for the calculations. The propagation constant γ and the wavelength λ are also shown. It is seen that the wavelength λ on the electrode is considerably shorter than that in free space. Table 2 Measured impedances of atmospheric-pressure helium Volasertib cell line plasma[7]   150 MHz (378.2 W/cm3) 13.56 MHz (370.5 W/cm3) Z p = R p ′ + X p j (ohm/m2) 0.060 – 0.049 j 0.038 – 0.033 j Y p = G p + B p j (1/(ohm m2)) 9.96 + 8.25 j 15.0 + 13.0 j C p (F/m2) 8.75 × 10−9 1.53 × 10−7 γ ≡ α + βj 1.69 + 3.54 j 0.62 + 1.32 j λ(m) 1.77 (2 m in free space) 4.78 (22.1 m in free space) Electrode diameter, 1 cm; electrode gap, 1 mm. Figure 4 shows the calculated two-dimensional distribution of the voltage amplitude at each point on the electrode during plasma generation. The

power was applied at the center of the electrode. Figure 4 Two-dimensional distribution of voltage amplitude on the electrode during plasma generation. Power was applied at the center of the electrode. (a) 150 MHz and (b) 13.56 MHz. The central cross-sectional distributions of the plots in Figure 4 are shown in Figure 5, where voltage distribution is along the central cross-sectional line in the direction of electrode length. Rutecarpine Voltages oscillate between their maximum and minimum with the driving frequency. Dotted lines in Figure 5 show instantaneous voltage profiles at elapsed times of 9.35 and 181.77 ns for 150 and 13.56 MHz, respectively. They always remain between the maximum voltage (upper solid line) and the minimum voltage (lower solid line). It is clearly seen that voltage variation is considerably larger for 150 MHz than for 13.56 MHz. The voltage variation over the electrode is approximately 58% and 12% for 150 and 13.56 MHz, respectively. Figure 5 Voltage distributions along the central cross-sectional line on the electrode. Power was applied at the center of the electrode. (a) 150 MHz and (b) 13.56 MHz.

1 50.0 1 0         (15.7) (17.6) (0) (0) 69.6   % 18.6         (17.6) 100.0 “( )” – in the parentheses Multiplex-qPCR results. Discussion Molecular diagnostics of microbial etiological agents of sepsis is currently

at an initial stage and is limited more to scientific research than to diagnostic practice. Only few kits for the detection of microorganisms that cause sepsis are available on the market: SeptiFast (Roche) and SeptiTest (Molzym), but in no way do they satisfy the needs of molecular sepsis diagnostics [8, 9]. The SeptiFast (Roche) find more system enables the detection of more than a dozen specific microbial species, while SeptiTest (Molzym) theoretically allows to detect every possible microorganism species, but sequencing of the PCR product is required, which this website increases the cost and prolongs the wait for the result. The starting point for the design of

the described nested-multiplex qPCR method was the work describing the application of the qPCR method to detect bacteria and fungi in biological materials separately – Bispo et al. described the PCR methodology in the detection of bacteria with Gram differentiation in the vitreous humor, and Sugita et al. described the PCR method for the detection of yeast and filamentous fungi in the eyeball when it is inflamed [10, 11]. During the work carried out by our team, it was possible to combine the sequences of primers and probes described by the authors into a multiplex reaction for simultaneous detection of bacteria and fungi with their differentiation into Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, yeast fungi, and filamentous fungi. The results of sensitivity determination of such a method

in the multiplex system has shown that it is possible to achieve the detection threshold of 9.9 × 102 CFU/ml to 5.4 × 103 CFU/ml depending on the group of microorganisms (Table 3). The resulting sensitivity was lower than the one obtained using SeptiFast (Roche) test with which one can detect the presence of individual microorganisms at the level of: 3 × 100 CFU/ml for E. coli, 3 × 101 CFU/ml for S. aureus, 3 × 101 CFU/ml for C. albicans and 3 × 100 CFU/ml for A. fumigatus[12]. In order to increase the sensitivity of the new detection method in the multiplex qPCR system, a preliminary amplification procedure (I) was designed so as to gain an opportunity to carry out detection of the presence of bacteria and fungi in the nested multiplex qPCR system. The designed primer sequences and amplification procedure related to their use allowed to reduce the detection threshold to approximately 101 CFU/ml for all of the four examined groups of microorganisms (Table 3). The resulting sensitivity is slightly lower than in the case of SeptiFast (Roche) test, but it should be taken into account that the number of cells of bacteria and fungi amplified in the PCR reaction oscillate at a maximum of 7.

The purpose of the present study was to explore acute and

sub-chronic effects of airway exposure to biopesticides, with Dinaciclib focus on airway irritation, lung inflammation and clearance of Bt from the lungs. Initially, dose-response and time-response studies were conducted using i.t. instillations. To simulate occupational exposures, mice were in a subsequent experiment exposed repeatedly by inhalation to aerosolised commercially formulated biopesticides based on Bt israelensis or Bt kurstaki. Methods Animals The exposures were performed on BALB/cJ female mice (Taconic M&B, Ry, Denmark), 6-8 weeks old, body weight 18-22 g. Animals were housed up to 10 animals per selleck inhibitor cage (425

× 266 × 150 mm) and drinking water and food (Altromin no 1324 Brogaard Denmark) was provided ad libitum. Light/dark cycles were at 12 hours and room temperature and relative humidity was kept at 19-22°C and 40-60%, respectively. All protocols were approved by the Danish Animal Experiments Inspectorate. Bacterial suspensions and CFU determinations The bacterial suspensions were prepared from commercially available insecticides Vectobac® (Bt israelensis) and Dipel® (Bt kurstaki) from Valent Biosciences (Sumitomo Chemical Agro Europe, Lyon, France). The suspensions for aerosol generation and intratracheal instillation were prepared from the formulated products by suspending them

in sterile, endotoxin-free water. To reduce viscosity (caused by additives) during the high dose instillations of Dipel®, mice in one group (experiment 4, cf. Table 1) received product that was subjected to a washing procedure: the Dipel® was suspended and centrifuged and supernatant discharged. This procedure was repeated twice. The final precipitate was re-suspended in sterile water and adjusted for CFU counts. Table 1 Experimental overview Exp.No. Aim of experiment Number of mice Exposure method Substance Time Endpoint Endpoint Corresponding figure 1 Validation of Inhalation dose Adenosine triphosphate 10 Inhalation (1 hour) Vectobac® 1 h CFU from total lung homogenate Figure 1 2 Validation of CFU recovery from BALF 8 Inhalation Vectobac® 1 h CFU from BALF and lavaged lungtissue None 3 Dose- response relationship B.t israelensis 25 Instillation Vectobac® 24 h Inflammatory cells in BALF Figure 2 4 Time- response relationship B.t israelensis or B.t kurstaki 42 Instillation Vectobac® or Dipel® (washed) 4 h, 24 h, 4 days CFU and inflammatory cells in BALF Figure 3 5 Sub-chronic effects of i.t instillations of B.t israelensis or B.t kurstaki 20 Instillation Vectobac® or Dipel® 70 days CFU, Inflammatory cells in BALF, Histology Figure 4 Figure 5 6 Sub-chronic effects of repeated inhalations of B.t israelensis or B.

The full length of the 16S rRNA gene sequence was obtained for confirmation of identification. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was performed according to the protocol for Streptococcus suis[12]. The DNA was digested with 40 U SmaI (TaKaRa, Dalian, China). A dendrogram of isolates was drawn using BioNumerics

software (version 4.0, Applied Maths BVBA, Belgium). Clustering of patterns was performed using the unweighted pair group with arithmetic averaging (UPGMA). Genome sequencing and analysis of Streptococcus lutetiensis The genome of S. lutetiensis 033 isolated from Patient 033 was sequenced using a combination of Ibrutinib concentration 454 sequencings with a Roche 454 FLX and paired end sequencing Y-27632 in vitro derived from the pUC18 library using an ABI 3730 Automated DNA Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). The genome was predicted using Glimmer software [13]. All putative open reading frames (ORFs) were annotated using non-redundant nucleotides and proteins in the NCBI, Swissport and KEGG databases. BLASTN and Artemis Comparison Tool (ACT) were

used for the pair alignment. Orthologous gene clusters were searched for using the orthoMCL pipeline. We clustered these orthologous genes according to their presence or absence in different genome sequences among Streptococcus spp., and then a phylogenic tree was constructed using the neighbor-joining method. Genome islands were defined as having abnormal GC content with at least five continuous genes. The homologous genes within each island were compared with the references using BLASTN with an e-value cutoff at 1×10–5. Nucleotide sequence accession numbers The GenBank accession numbers reported in this study are CP003025 for

the genome sequence of S. lutetiensis strain Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 033; and JN581988 and JN581989 for the 16S rRNA gene sequences of S. gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus strains 017 and 035, respectively. Ethics statement Feces samples were acquired with the written informed consent from the parents of the children with diarrhea and normal children. This study was reviewed and approved by the ethics committee of the National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, according to the medical research regulations of the Ministry of Health, China (permit number 2006-16-3). Results Detection of enteric pathogens in feces of children with diarrhea From August 17 to 30, 2006, fecal samples were obtained from 33 children with diarrhea admitted to the Children’s Hospital, Shanxi Province, China (Additional file 1: Table S1). Thirty-two of 33 children with diarrhea yielded negative culture for common enteric bacterial pathogens, such as Salmonella, Vibrio or diarrheagenic E. coli. Shigella sonnei was isolated from one patient (Figure 1). The 16S rRNA gene sequences of fecal samples were also negative for Salmonella, Vibrio or Yersinia spp.

Gentile P, Solanki A, Pauc N, Oehler F, Salem B, Rosaz G, Baron T, den Hertog M, Calvo V: Effect of HCl on the doping and shape control of silicon nanowires. Nanotechnology 2012, 23:215702.CrossRef 24. Buttard D, Gentile P, Renevier H: Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction investigation of strains in silicon nanowires obtained by gold catalytic growth. Surf Sci 2011, 605:570–576.CrossRef 25. Tapfer L, La Rocca GC, Lage H, Brandt O, Heitmann D, Ploog K: X-ray diffraction study of corrugated semiconductor surfaces, quantum wires and quantum boxes. Appl

Surf Sci 1992, 60/61:517–521.CrossRef 26. Gailhanou M, Baumbach T, Marti U, Silva PC, Reinhart FK, Ilegems M: X-ray diffraction reciprocal space mapping of GaAs surface grating. Appl Phys Lett 1993,62(14):1623–1625.CrossRef 27. Descarpentries J, Buttard D, Dupré L, Gorisse Tigecycline clinical trial T: Highly conformal deposition of copper nanocylinders see more uniformly electrodeposited in nanoporous alumina template for ordered catalytic

applications. Micro Nano Lett 2012,7(12):1241–1245.CrossRef 28. Hu L, Chen G: Analysis of optical absorption in silicon nanowire arrays for photovoltaic applications. Nano Lett 2007,7(11):3249–3252.CrossRef 29. Lin C, Povinelli ML: Optical absorption enhancement in silicon nanowire arrays with a large lattice constant for photovoltaic applications. Opt Express 2009,17(22):19371–19381.CrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions LD wrote the paper, performed scanning electron microscopy, and optical measurements. LD, TG, and TB

developed and characterized the alumina template. LD and PG grew the nanowires. LD, TG, HR, and DB carried out the diffraction experiments. AL made the transmission electron microscope pictures and analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background The importance of fluorescent nanoprobes in biomedical research and practice Interleukin-2 receptor is rapidly increasing with the rapid developments in fluorescence microscopy, laser technologies, and nanotechnology. Fluorescent carbon dots (C-dots), a novel form of nanocarbon, have the inherent properties of traditional semiconductor-based quantum dots (e.g., size- and wavelength-dependent luminescence emissions, resistance to photobleaching, and ease of bioconjugation). Apart from these properties, C-dots also possess special features such as physicochemical stability, photochemical stability, and non-blinking behavior [1–3]. The preparation methods of C-dots are relatively simple, low cost, and applicable in large scales. Numerous approaches for synthesizing C-dots have been proposed, including dry methods (arc discharge [4, 5] and laser ablation [6]) and solution methods (combustion/thermal [7–9], electrochemical oxidation [10], organic synthesis [11], and microwave methods [12–14]).