Thus, this review suggests that many previous findings can be reinterpreted in this light. Critically, we also make several suggestions about test construction, study design, and statistical analyses that the field might use to overcome this potential confound. Our suggestions may also have implications for drug https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ew-7197.html discovery and regulatory approval of cognitive-enhancing adjunctive agents, in terms of study design and/or test psychometric characteristics, including the development of tests that are relatively insensitive to practice-related changes. Such advances might be important

for improving the methodology involved in the assessment of cognitive change in treatment studies. Neuropsychopharmacology (2010) 35, 1053-1062; doi: 10.1038/npp.2009.211;published online 20 January 2010″
“Objective: Inhaled nitric oxide has been shown to reduce pulmonary vascular resistance in patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery, but it is limited by toxicity, the need for special monitoring, and cost. Inhaled prostacyclin also decreases pulmonary artery pressure, is relatively free of toxicity, requires no specific monitoring, and is less expensive. The objective of this study was to compare nitric oxide and prostacyclin in the treatment of pulmonary AZD6094 mw hypertension, refractory hypoxemia, and right ventricular dysfunction in thoracic transplant recipients in a prospective, randomized, crossover pilot trial.

Methods:

Heart transplant and lung transplant recipients were randomized to nitric oxide or prostacyclin as initial treatment, followed by a crossover to the Suplatast tosilate other agent after 6 hours. Pulmonary vasodilators were initiated in the operating room for pulmonary hypertension, refractory hypoxemia, or right ventricular dysfunction. Nitric oxide was administered at 20 ppm, and prostacyclin was administered at 20,000 ng/mL. Hemodynamic and oxygenation parameters were recorded before and after initiation of pulmonary vasodilator therapy. At 6 hours, the hemodynamic and oxygenation parameters were recorded again, just before discontinuing the initial agent. Crossover baseline parameters were measured 30 minutes after

the initial agent had been stopped. The crossover agent was then started, and the hemodynamic and oxygenation parameters were measured again 30 minutes later.

Results: Heart transplant and lung transplant recipients (n = 25) were randomized by initial treatment (nitric oxide, n = 14; prostacyclin, n = 11). Nitric oxide and prostacyclin both reduced pulmonary artery pressure and central venous pressure, and improved cardiac index and mixed venous oxygen saturation on initiation of therapy. More importantly, at the 6-hour crossover trial, there were no significant differences between nitric oxide and prostacyclin in the reduction of pulmonary artery pressures or central venous pressure, or in improvement in cardiac index or mixed venous oxygen saturation.

Early HIV diagnosis and treatment, the 3Is, and a comprehensive package of HIV care, in association with directly observed therapy, short-course (DOTS) for tuberculosis, form the basis of prevention and control of HIV-associated tuberculosis. This call to action recommends that both HIV and tuberculosis programmes exhort implementation of strategies that are known to be effective, and test innovative strategies that could work. The continuing

HIV-associated tuberculosis epidemic needs bold but responsible action, without which the future will simply mirror the past.”
“Rice straw was fermented by a wood-rot fungus Dichomitus squalens as a biological pretreatment, to increase the enzymatic digestibility of lignocellulose and promote cellulose hydrolysis. Response surface methodology find more was employed to optimize the fermentation medium of D. squalens for achieving the maximum volumetric activity of manganese peroxidase. The fermentation of rice straw by D. squalens for 15 days resulted in the enzymatic digestibility of 58.1% of theoretical glucose yield for the remaining glucan. In addition, a significant reduction in the crystallinity index and microstructural changes in the fermented rice straw were Selleck PLX3397 revealed. When the fungal-fermented rice straw was used as a substrate for ethanol production in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, the ethanol production

yield and productivity were 54.2% of the theoretical maximum and 0.39 g/L/hour, respectively, after 24 hours.”
“Human Methocarbamol infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis can progress to active disease, be contained as latent infection, or be eradicated by the host response. Tuberculosis diagnostics classify a patient into one of these categories. These are not fixed distinct states, but rather are continua along which patients can

move, and are affected by HIV infection, immunosuppressive therapies, antituberculosis treatments, and other poorly understood factors. Tuberculosis biomarkers host or pathogen-specific provide prognostic information, either for individual patients or study cohorts, about these outcomes. Tuberculosis case detection remains difficult, partly because of inaccurate diagnostic methods. Investments have yielded some progress in development of new diagnostics, although the existing pipeline is limited for tests for sputum-smear-negative cases, childhood tuberculosis, and accurate prediction of reactivation of latent tuberculosis. Despite new, sensitive, automated molecular platforms for detection of tuberculosis and drug resistance, a simple, inexpensive point-of-care test is still not available. The effect of any new tests will depend on the method and extent of their introduction, the strength of the laboratories, and the degree to which access to appropriate therapy follows access to diagnosis.

The remaining mixture was centrifuged at 35,860 × g for 1 h, and then, the suspended solution was removed. Resuspension of the bottom layer provided the initial MNP solution. This was then centrifuged at 2,767 × g, 11,068 × g, and 24,903 × g for 1 h, with the AICAR price bottom layer collected as groups A, B, and C, respectively. The first suspended solution remaining after centrifugation at 24,903 × g was labeled as group D. The MNPs of group C were selected for SiO2 coating for further applications. SiO2 coating was done as follows: the MNPs of group C were stabilized with polyvinylpyrrolidone

(PVP) to disperse them homogeneously, and then, tetraethoxysilane solution was polymerized on the PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor 3 surface of PVP-stabilized CoF2O4 MNPs by adding ammonia solution as a catalyst to form SiO2 coating on the MNPs. The volume ratio of the ammonia solution was 4.2% to control the SiO2 shell thickness of the final SiO2-coated MNPs in this process. MNP characterization The crystal shapes CA4P and structures of the synthesized MNPs in each group, in addition to the SiO2-coated MNPs, were measured and confirmed by TEM (Tecnai G2 F30, FEI, Hillsboro, OR, USA) and XRD (XPERT MPD, Philips, Amsterdam, The Netherlands). The XRD patterns were compared with a typical XRD spectrum of a CoFe2O4 crystal. The hydrodynamic diameter distribution of the particles was measured by DLS (UPA-150l, Microtrac,

Montgomeryville, PA, USA), and the size distribution was verified from the TEM images. In order to compare T2 relaxivities (r 2) of the four groups and the SiO2-coated MNPs, the T2 relaxation times were measured against the Co/Fe concentration in a range below 1 mM Fe using a spin-echo pulse sequence (multi-spin multi-echo) on a 4.7-T animal MRI system (Biospec 47/40; Bruker, Karlsruhe, Germany). The amount of Co/Fe in each group was measured using an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry system (Optima 4300DV, PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA). For the MRI experiment, the MNPs were sampled at four different Co/Fe concentrations of 1.0, 0.75, 0.5, and 0.25 mM Co/Fe in distilled water http://www.selleck.co.jp/products/Decitabine.html in 250-μl microtubes. The MRI parameters

used were as follows: TE/TR = 10/10,000 ms, number of scans = 2, slice thickness = 1 mm, FOV = 5 × 5 cm2, number of slices = 1. T2 contrast differences depending on Fe concentration for the separated groups were also compared in T2-W MR images. Results and discussion The MNPs synthesized by the coprecipitation method were found to have an extremely broad size distribution [14]. This characteristic would likely result in nonuniform contrast in MR images. The purpose of the present study was to overcome this limitation by separating the different sizes of particles by centrifugation. After the initial removal of aggregates, the nanoparticles were sequentially centrifuged at speeds 2,767 × g, 11,068 × g, 24,903 × g, and 35,860 × g, producing groups A, B, C, and D, respectively.

At each sampling point, LB agar was pre-contaminated with A. baumannii M3237 suspension to obtain surface concentrations

of 5 × 101, 5 × 102, and 5 × 103 CFU/ml. Contaminated agar plates were dried for 30 min in a biosafety hood at room temperature and divided into two groups: test agars received 0.1 or 0.5 ml of the phage-containing check details lotion to simulate the volumes of lotion used by most hand cream consumers and control. The control agars consisted of a phage-free lotion. The selleck kinase inhibitor test and control agars were then incubated for 24 h at 37°C, and bacterial recovery counts calculated by comparing the number of A. baumannii M3237 colonies from the test agars with those from the control agars. ϕAB2 in glycerol as a hand sanitizer Briefly, the phage stock was mixed with glycerol to obtain a solution of 10% (v/v) glycerol/108 PFU/ml phage and stored at room temperature for up to 180 days to obtain a kinetic curve of the phage variation during this period. Phage stability and ability to inhibit A. baumannii M3237 was determined as described above for lotions. Statistical analysis Statistical analyses

were performed using SPSS, version Birinapant 17.0 (SPSS Institute Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Measurement of ϕAB2 bactericidal effect in liquid suspensions and glass slides, comparison of A. baumannii M3237 survival rates with different incubation times and control sets and reduction of viable A. baumannii M3237 by ϕAB2 lotion or glycerol was performed using one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s test. Acknowledgments We thank Prof. Yi-Hsiung Tseng for critical reading of our manuscript. This work was

supported by grant NSC 100-2314-B-320-003 from the National Science Council, Republic of China; grant TCSP99-03-05 from Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital; and grant TCIRP98003-03 from Tzu Chi University. Yu-Lin Liu was supported by a graduate scholarship from the latter grant during part of this research project. References 1. Bergogne-Berezin SPTLC1 E, Towner KJ: Acinetobacter spp. as nosocomial pathogens: microbiological, clinical, and epidemiological features. Clin Microbiol Rev 1996, 9:148–165.PubMed 2. Villegas MV, Hartstein AI: Acinetobacter outbreaks, 1977–2000. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2003, 24:284–295.PubMedCrossRef 3. Okpara AU, Maswoswe JJ: Emergence of multidrug-resistant isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii . Am J Hosp Pharm 1994, 51:2671–2675.PubMed 4. Gaynes R, Edwards JR: Overview of nosocomial infections caused by gram-negative bacilli. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 41:848–854.PubMedCrossRef 5. Meric M, Kasap M, Gacar G, Budak F, Dundar D, Kolayli F, Eroglu C, Vahaboglu H: Emergence and spread of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a tertiary care hospital in Turkey. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008, 282:214–218.PubMedCrossRef 6.

Previous experiments have shown a depletion of GTP during starvation related to the formation of a messenger ppGpp(p) in M. xanthus that may explain Salubrinal in vitro this observed degradation of MglA. If GTP is important for the stability of MglA, it is likely that any depletion or sequestration would also lead to a degradation of

the protein. A subset of MglA mutants interfered with the function of normal MglA to form fruiting bodies and heat-resistant spores. The presence of three MglA mutants, L124K, G21V and T78A (Figure 11C, G, K) resulted in fruiting bodies that were smaller than the control while two mutants, N141A and T78D (Figure 11E,11M) abolished the ability of normal MglA to produce fruit. The ability to form fruiting bodies did not necessarily correlate with ability to form spores in the merodiploid strains. Half of the merodiploids showed near-normal spore efficiency (30-100% of WT) and a few mutants produced a reduced complement of heat-resistant spores (1- 10%) (Table 1). Germination of heat-treated spores was reduced over 3-fold in six merodiploids containing

the mutations T26N, D52A, T54A, T78D, Q82A, and L124K. We find this result puzzling because four of these mutants make stable mutant MglA protein but the remaining two do not make MglA on vegetative plate medium. Forskolin chemical structure Moreover, fruiting body formation was adversely affected in only two of the mutants in this group. Work is underway to determine how these residues affect the function of role MglA during sporogenesis. Conclusions MglA is a small GTPase that is required for gliding motility and starvation-induced fruiting body development, but not growth, of M. xanthus. Previous work showed that nearly all known mglA mutants failed to make detectable protein [22, 23] which has complicated the genetic structure-function analysis of MglA. To determine if forms of MglA could be identified that specifically affected A-motility, S-motility, or both, we used site-directed mutagenesis to generate C1GALT1 a new collection of mutants. Mutants fell into three general classes based on the ability of plasmids bearing pmgl, mglB and mutant mglA alleles to complement the defects of the ΔmglBA mutant.

Class I mutants (five strains) made MglA protein and were able to swarm on surfaces and develop to some extent. Class II mutants (four strains) made MglA protein but did not swarm on surfaces or develop. Class III mutants (nine strains) failed to produce MglA protein and were unable to glide on surfaces, swarm, or develop fruiting bodies. For clarification, a flowchart is provided as Figure 12. Figure 12 Summary of mutations in MglA and their corresponding phenotypes with MM-102 regard to M. xanthus motility. Sixteen residues on WT MglA were targeted to make 18 point mutants. Nine mutants made MglA protein and were divided into groups based on phenotype and distribution of MglA (mot- (nonmotile), swm- (do not swarm), dev- (do not develop) and spo- (do not sporulate).

The presence of TNF-α and IL-10 in the culture supernatants was assessed using Quantikine ELISA kits. The sensitivities of TNF-α and IL-10 assays were 1.6 pg/ml and 3.9 pg/ml, respectively. Statistical analysis Data are presented as means ± SEMs. Statistical significance was verified using nonparametric Selleck CH5424802 Wilcoxon’s signed-rank or Mann–Whitney U tests. The Statistica 8.0 (StatSoft, Poland) software package was used for statistical calculations. Statistical significance was defined as p ≤ 0.05. Results Expression of CD14 on resting MØ In order to confirm that THP-1 cells in the presence of PMA were differentiated after 24 hours,

the surface expression of CD14 molecule was estimated. Similarly to other researchers [17, 18] we found that CD14 surface expression on monocytes (i.e., THP-1 cells prior to differentiation) was greater than on PMA-treated THP-1 cells (i.e., after differentiation to MØ), with MFI values of 99 ± 10 and 45 ± 7 (n = 6), respectively. MØ uptake of ∆kstD mutant and wild-type strains The percentage of resting MØ and IFN-γ-activated MØ involved in the uptake of Mtb strains

was approximately 30-40%. Moreover, both types of MØ ingested opsonized and non-opsonized wild-type and ∆kstD strains equally well (Figure  1A), and took up similar numbers of bacteria of both strains (Figure  1B). Figure 1 Ingestion of Mtb by MØ. Resting and IFN-γ-activated MØ were infected with FITC-labeled wild-type or ∆kstD strains for 2 hours. (A) Ispinesib solubility dmso Percentage of MØ infected with Mtb strains; (B) Percentage distribution of MØ with the counted number of bacteria engulfed by one phagocyte Niclosamide (per MØ). Percentage of infected MØ was calculated according to the formula: MØ with bacteria *100/ number of counted MØ and expressed as means ± SEMs (n = 5). Mtb ops – bacteria opsonized, Mtb non-ops – bacteria

non-opsonized. Intracellular replication of wild-type and ∆kstD strains Initially, we compared the survival of the wild-type and ΔkstD strains in resting MØ 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 days post-infection. The detachment of MØ monolayer was observed on day 8 and Torin 1 therefore this time point was excluded from the subsequent experiments. We did not observe differences in CFUs count at 1 and 2 days post-infection, therefore day 1 was also excluded from the subsequent experiments. As shown in Figure  2, the numbers of viable wild-type and ΔkstD bacilli were similar up to 2 days post-infection, slightly and insignificantly different up to 4 days and statistically different on day 6, suggesting differential growth of mutant and wild-type strains. To test this, we compared the intracellular replication of ΔkstD and wild-type Mtb in resting and IFN-γ-activated MØ 6 days after infection.

The role of GPIHBP1 in regulation of LPL activity is supported by the observations that the pattern of tissue GPIHBP1 expression is similar to that of LPL (high levels in heart, adipose and skeletal muscle), and both GPIHBP1-deficient mice and humans show severe hypertriglyceridemia and diminished heparin-releasable LPL [21]. Moreover, GPIHBP1-expressing CHO cells avidly bind large lipoproteins (d < 1.006 g/ml) from GPIHBP1-deficient mice and exhibit 10- to 20-fold greater LPL

binding capacity than control cells [22]. In a series of earlier studies we found a significant reduction of gene expression, protein abundance and enzymatic activity of LPL, and heparin releasable LPL in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and myocardium of rats with CKD [14, 15]. In confirmation of the earlier studies, learn more CRF rats employed in the present study exhibited a significant down-regulation of LPL mRNA and protein expressions BAY 80-6946 chemical structure in the skeletal muscle, myocardium and visceral as well as subcutaneous fat tissues. Down-regulation of LPL in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in the CRF animals was accompanied by a significant reduction of GPIHBP1 mRNA abundance in these tissues. This this website observation suggests that CKD can simultaneously reduce LPL and GPIHBP1 transcript abundance by either suppressing their gene expression of or lowering their mRNA stability. The reduction

of mRNA abundance was accompanied by a parallel reduction of Levetiracetam immunostaining for GPIHBP1 protein in the corresponding tissues of the CRF animals. Thus acquired LPL deficiency is compounded by GPIHBP1 deficiency in CKD. LPL and GPIHBP1 deficiencies in CKD result in impaired clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and diminished availability of lipid fuel to adipocytes for energy storage and to myocytes

for energy production. Together these defects contribute to the CKD-associated hypertriglyceridemia, cachexia, reduced exercise capacity and atherogenic diathesis. The authors wish to note that the mechanism by which CRF down-regulates GPIHBP1 is presently unclear and awaits future investigations. Moreover, while demonstrating a direct association, the data presented are not sufficient to prove causality between LPL and GPIHBP1 deficiencies in CRF animals. Further studies are needed to determine the contribution of down-regulation of GPIHBP1 to LPL deficiency in CRF. Longitudinal studies employing animals with different types and severities of renal insufficiency can help to further define the course and consequences of the CRF-induced GPIHBP1 deficiency. In conclusion, LPL deficiency in CKD is associated with and compounded by GPIHBP1 deficiency. Together these abnormalities contribute to impaired clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, diminished availability of lipid fuel for energy storage in adipocytes and energy production in myocytes and consequent hypertriglyceridemia, cachexia, muscle weakness and atherosclerosis.

2001, 2008; Polanská et al. 2007). These studies also show that an alteration of the endogenous cytokinin content has a tremendous effect on morphological level (root/shoot formation, chloroplast ultrastructure) but also functionally (effect on photosynthesis, sink-source relationship). When analysing the expression stability of the nuclear- and plastid-encoded reference genes together, we saw that 18S rRNA (nuclear-encoded) and 16S rRNA (plastid-encoded) had the lowest stability in the geNorm analysis. These results clearly show that the use of ribosomal genes as internal standards is not advisable.

Nevertheless, 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA are frequently used as internal control in Northern blots (e.g. Covshoff et al. 2008; Soitama et al. 2008; Demarsy et al. Nec-1s molecular weight 2006). Other learn more drawbacks of the use of

ribosomal RNA as internal control are the high expression of levels of rRNA and the fact that ribosomal RNA expression is less affected by partial RNA degradation than other mRNA expression levels (Vandesompele et al. 2002). We also suggested RBCS as nuclear-encoded reference gene and saw that this gene had a very stable expression level. This gene is not commonly used as control gene as its expression levels were reported to vary greatly under Quisinostat cell line different conditions (Sathish et al. 2007). Nevertheless, under our experimental conditions, this gene is very stable. Since chloroplasts have their own gene expression and a fraction of the proteins necessary for photosynthesis and protein synthesis are encoded within the chloroplasts while the remainder are encoded

in the nucleus, attention has to be paid when analyzing the gene expression of nuclear- or plastid-encoded genes. Normally, nuclear-encoded genes are normalized with nuclear-encoded reference genes and plastid-encoded genes with plastid-encoded Farnesyltransferase reference genes. However, it would be very interesting if normalisation of all these genes of interest was possible with the same reference genes. So, we investigated the effect of normalising some photosynthetic genes with nuclear normalisation factor (using Nt-SSU, Nt-ACT9, Nt-αTUB) or with plastid normalisation factor (using Nt-RPS3, NtNDHI and Nt-IN1). A difference in relative gene expression when using the two different normalisation factors was observed. We found that the gene expression of plastid-encoded PSBE, PSAA, PSAB and PETD diminished (except for PETD in 35S:CKX1) significantly when using the plastid normalisation factor compared to the calculated expression, using the nuclear normalisation factor. Also for the nuclear-encoded genes (ATPC and PSBO) there was an effect according to the used normalisation; however, the effect was not as pronounced as with the plastid-encoded genes of interest. This suggests that there is an effect of cytokinins on the expression level of the plastid-encoded reference genes.

The following special section features some of the exciting work of these pioneers of family therapy in China, discussing such

topics as the profile of the Chinese therapist, factors that affect therapeutic alliance, comparisons between Chinese and German therapists, the role of family functioning and social support with depressed clients in China, and a unique systemic approach to helping PFT�� chemical structure a family with a member with adult mental illness. These articles give us a unique perspective on the important work occurring in Chinese family therapy, as well as an indication of what the future holds. I hope the reader might find, Epigenetics inhibitor as we did during our delegation across China a decade ago, that there is more to know about China (and the practice of therapy) than we thought we knew. Reference Miller, J. K., & Fang, X. (2012). Marriage and family therapy in the People’s Republic of China: Current issues and challenges. Journal of Family Psychotherapy, 23, 173–183.CrossRef”
“Erratum to: Contemp Fam Ther (2013) 35:1–13 DOI 10.1007/s10591-012-9215-5 A limitation in the use of the Session Rating Scale (SRS; Miller, Duncan & www.selleckchem.com/products/ly2157299.html Johnson, 2002) was that the modified therapist version of the measure was not

validated. In relation to this, the Adenosine authors of the SRS were consulted in the planning phase of the study design before the rewording of the SRS for use by the therapist. However, they did not adopt the final version. This being so, a violation of the copyright and licensing agreement occurred, for which the authors apologize.”
“Introduction This article describes the development and current state of family therapy in Poland.1 The first section describes the historical context and is followed by a section that discusses the position and place of family therapy in psychiatry. Subsequent

sections include descriptions of organizational development, research, and training issues. In the last sections of the article, the authors focus on the practice and models of family therapy in Poland and the current challenges facing the Polish family therapy community. Historical Context Family therapy in Poland has a relatively long history. The first experiences date back to the 1970s, and three periods can be identified in the four decades that followed. The first period covers the seventies and eighties; the second period covers the time until Poland regained freedom in 1989 and the nineties; and the third period encompasses the current decade of the twenty-first century.

The first involves transmembrane signaling by a bacterial chemoreceptor wherein binding of the ligand to the extracellular domain of the chemoreceptor generates a transducible signal

and results in chemotaxis. This mechanism is independent of metabolism of the chemoattractant and can therefore also be induced by non-metabolizable structural analogues of the chemoattractant. The second possible mechanism involves energy LY2874455 flux, wherein changes in cellular energy levels resulting from metabolism of chemoattractant molecules induce the chemotactic response. It is necessary for the chemoattractant to be metabolized for this mechanism to be operative [34]. Empirical work on various systems to date provides support for both mechanisms. In support of the first mechanism, Liu and Parales recently reported that Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP was chemotactic towards both atrazine, which it could metabolise, and its s-triazine NVP-BGJ398 datasheet analogue ametryn, which it could not [35]. They also showed that atrazine degradation Cisplatin and chemotaxis are genetically distinct phenotypes in strain ADP. By contrast, support for the second mechanism comes from studies of the chemotaxis

by Pseudomonas putida G7 towards naphthalene [6, 36], P. putida F1 towards toluene [9], and Ralstonia eutropha JMP134 towards 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate [37], which have all reported the phenomenon to be dependent on and genetically linked to the metabolism of the chemoattractant. It remains to be determined whether the proximal triggers for the chemotactic response are the CNACs themselves or their, e.g. NAC, metabolites. Our results suggest that a more complex mechanism may operate in respect of the chemotaxis of strain SJ98 towards CNACs. The fact that strain SJ98 does not show chemotaxis towards the non-metabolizable structural analogue 4C2NP suggests metabolism-dependent effects. However, the ability of strain SJ98 to be attracted towards co-metabolically transformed NACs [17] and CNACs is a notable departure from previous examples of metabolism-dependent

mechanisms and raises questions as to the extent of energy flux needed Sinomenine for metabolism-dependent chemotaxis. Also significant is our finding that cells of strain SJ98 induced to metabolise CNACs can exhibit selective chemotaxis towards CNACs which is not inhibited by co-occurrence of simpler compounds like aspartate or succinate as alternative chemoattractants. This finding confirms that CNAC chemotaxis by this strain is at least to some degree a separate phenomenon from some of the precedents. This could also be an important advantage in the potential application of this strain in the in situ bioremediation of CNAC-contaminated sites. Specific regulation of chemotaxis towards the target compound in contaminated environments often comprising a complex mix of multiple potential chemoattractants could significantly improve the efficiency of in situ bioremediation.