“
“A novel method of preparing polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) hollow fiber membrane was presented by utilizing poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) can form a gel of two dimensional complex compounds with Boric acid (H3BO3). Effects of H3BO3 on PTFE nascent hollow fiber were investigated, and the results showed that the introduction of H3BO3 effectively reduced the addition of PVA. The configuration named “”fibril” formed between PVA and H3BO3 could be observed in nascent

hollow fiber by SEM (Scanning electronic microscopy). Furthermore, Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) particles (60 nm similar to 90 nm) were introduced into PTFE matrix. The interfacial microvoids (IFMs) which were different from the PTFE sintering or node-fibril network Tariquidar mouse structure were obtained.

The assumption of the IFMs formation Galunisertib cell line was proposed in this study. Effects of CaCO3 amount and draw ratios on structure and properties of hybrid hollow fiber membranes were analyzed, and the SEM results showed that the IFMs quantity and diameter improved with draw ratio increasing. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 123: 324-330, 2012″
“By employing the two-parameter variational approach, the donor-impurity states with surface optical (SO) phonons, also called SO phonon bound polarons in a quasi-one-dimensional (Q1D) wurtzite nanowire (NW) are investigated. Numerical calculations on a GaN NW are performed. The results reveal that the SO phonon contribution to the binding energy of the SO phonon bound polaron in GaN NWs reaches 200 meV, which is one order of magnitude larger XL184 price than that of GaAs NWs with the same radius. The large contribution of SO phonons to the total binding energy is mainly

ascribed to the stronger electron-phonon coupling constant in GaN materials. The calculated results of impurity binding energy are consistent with the recent experimental measurement of the active energy in GaN NW systems. The numerical results also shows that the two-parameter variational approach is necessary and suitable for the description of donor-impurity states in Q1D wurtzite GaN NW structures, especial for the NWs with a relatively small radius (such as R < 10 nm). (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3603017]“
“The aim of the study was to further evaluate repolarization dispersion in familial Mediterranean fever (FMF). Findings on 12-lead electrocardiography were compared with 32 patients with uncomplicated FMF and age-and sex-matched control subjects. All procedures followed stringent standards. Repolarization and dispersion parameters were computed with designated computer software, and results of the five beats were subsequently averaged.

Study clinics treated a median of 99 patients (range 3-331) daily and a median of 15 TB patients (range 2-73) monthly. Of the rooms in the clinics, all of which rely on natural ventilation, half (149/284) had <= 5.12 air changes per hour. Eleven (22%) of 51 clinics had N95 masks available for staff use.

CONCLUSION: Limited infection control practices exist in clinics in a high TB burden setting in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. These practices Epigenetics inhibitor need to be implemented more widely to minimise

the spread of TB to non-infected patients and health care workers in primary health clinics.”
“SETTING: A total of 663 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care and treatment sites in nine tuberculosis (TB) affected African countries, serving over 900000 persons living with HIV.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the implementation of infection control (IC) measures and whether program and facility

characteristics were associated with implementation of these measures.

DESIGN: A survey was conducted to assess the presence of a TB IC plan, triage practices for TB suspects, location of sputum collection and availability of particulate respirators. The association of facility characteristics with IC measures was examined using bivariate BTSA1 chemical structure and multivariate methods.

RESULTS: Forty-seven per cent (range across countries [RAC] 2-77%) of sites had written TB IC plans; 60% (RAC 5-93%) practiced triage; of those with access to microscopy, 83% (RAC 59-91%) performed sputum collection outdoors and 13% (RAC 0-36%) in ventilated indoor rooms; 16% (RAC 1-87%) had particulate respirators available. Sites providing anti-tuberculosis treatment were more likely to have written IC plans (54% vs. 12%, P<0.0001) and particulate respirators (18% vs. 8%, P=0.0126), and to perform TB triage (65% vs. 40%, P=0.0001) than those

without anti-tuberculosis treatment services.

CONCLUSIONS: To protect HIV-infected patients and health care workers, there is an urgent need to scale up IC practices at HIV care and treatment sites, particularly at sites without anti-tuberculosis treatment services.”
“BACKGROUND: Israel absorbs many migrants from countries with a high prevalence of tuberculosis (TB).

OBJECTIVES: To describe the epidemiology of TB among adults in Israel between 1999 and 2010 and identify populations PF299804 with a high TB burden.

DESIGN: Data were retrieved from the National Tuberculosis Registry and the Israeli Bureau of Statistics.

RESULTS: A total of 4652 adult TB patients were notified during the study period, with rates decreasing annually from 7.5 per 100 000 population in 1999 to 4.3 in 2010. Most (n = 3745, 80.5%) had pulmonary TB, the average female:male ratio was 1:1.4, and 227 (5.1%) were infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Of all TB patients, 4079 (87.6%) were born outside Israel; of these, 3338 were citizens and 741 non-citizen migrant workers (MWs).

(C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“The aim of the present study was to compare the bioavailability of escitalopram (CAS 128196-01-0) from two escitalopram oxalate (CAS 219861-08-2) tablets (escitalopram 10 mg tablet as test preparation and 10 mg tablet commercially available original tablet of the drug as reference preparation) in 20 Chinese healthy male volunteers, aged between 19 and 27. The study was conducted according to an open, randomized, single blind, 2-way crossover study design with a wash-out phase of 14 d. Blood samples for pharmacokinetic profiling were taken up to 156 It

post-dose, and escitalopram plasma concentrations were determined with a validated liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass

spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) method. Maximum plasma concentrations (C(max)) of AZD2014 clinical trial 9.85 +/- 1.79 ng/ml (test) and 9.92 +/- 2.14 ng/ml (reference) were achieved. Areas under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC(0 – infinity)) of 428.40 +/- 140.25 ng . h/ml (test) and 413.73 +/- 144.81 ng . h/ml (reference), AUC(0 – t) of 401.33 +/- 120.61 ng . h/ml (test), 385.42 +/- see more 117.73 ng . h/ml (reference) were calculated. The median T(max) was 4.3 +/- 1.8 h, 4.1 +/- 1.5 h for test and reference formulation, respectively. Plasma elimination half-lives (t(1/2)) of 36.30 +/- 8.93 h (test), 36.70 +/- 9.99 h (reference) were determined. Both primary target parameters, AUC(0 – infinity) and AUC(0 – t) were tested parametrically by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and relative bioavailabilities were 105.1 +/- 10.8% for AUC(0 – infinity) 104.9 +/- 11.1% for AUC(0 – t). Bioequivalence between test and reference preparation was demonstrated for both parameters, AUC(0 – infinity) and AUC(0 – t). The 90% confidence MLN2238 cell line intervals of the T/R-ratios of logarithmically transformed data were in the generally accepted range of 80%-125%. That means that the test formulation is bioequivalent to the reference formulation for escitalopram.”
“2-Chloro-3-(4-oxocyclohexa-2,5-dienylideneamino)-1,4-dihydronaphthalene-1,4-diones

maintained in the conc. sulfuric acid undergo cyclization affording in a high yield 6-chloro-10,12a-dihydroqD-7H,12aH-benzo[c]phenoxazin-5-ones whose structure is proved by XRD analysis.”
“Objective: To investigate the molecular etiologic causes of sporadic nonsyndromic hearing loss in Chinese children.

Methods: 179 sporadic nonsyndromic hearing loss children were subjected to microarray-based mutation detection for nine hot spot mutations in four of the most common deafness-related genes, including GJB2, SLC26A4, GJB3, and 12s rRNA.

Results: The incidence of positive genetic errors was 43.58% with the current set of target genes in sporadic nonsyndromic hearing loss children. Among them, 25.14% of cases had genetic defects in GJB2, 16.76% of cases had pathogenic mutations in SLC26A4, 1.12% of cases were caused by 12s rRNA mutations, and GJB3 mutation was detected in 0.

08), ribeye area (P = 0.11), fat color (P = 0.09), lean maturity (P = 0.06), and quality grade (P = 0.09) compared with control cows. Warner-Bratzler shear force was not affected (P = 0.23) by feeding. However, a 12-member trained sensory panel revealed that fed cow carcasses had more desirable (P < 0.04) tenderness, juiciness, and overall acceptability than control cow carcasses. Flavor

intensity also tended (P = 0.10) to be more desirable for fed vs. control cows. No difference (P > 0.10) in off-flavor was detected among treatments. Finally, there was no effect (P > 0.10) of RAC on growth performance, carcass characteristics, or end product quality. In conclusion, feeding a high concentrate diet for 90 d improved important live animal, carcass, and end product characteristics related to the quality and palatability of beef from market dairy cows; however, no effect

buy FK506 of RAC supplementation was observed.”
“Aim of this literature review is to summarize the most relevant research findings on disability in subjects with chronic daily headache (CDH) and chronic migraine (CM) measured with the MIDAS and the HIT-6, and to address issues for further research in the field. Research strategy aimed to find papers published after 2001 that focused on disability in patients with CDH, CM and transformed migraine. Both, general population surveys or clinical series were included if they reported total scores, or distribution of the different disability

levels, check details derived from the MIDAS and/or from the HIT-6. Fifteen papers were selected. Studies demonstrated that these subjects report a remarkable impact on functioning, with high disability scores, and reduced ability in work and non-work activities. PF-02341066 Modern definitions of disability conceptualize it as the result of the interaction between a health condition and environmental factors. Research strategies should therefore recognize that disability may represent a global evaluation which should be added to more specific endpoints, using instruments that measure disability in a multi-dimensional way, such as the WHO-DAS II.”
“The kinetics of isothermal crystallization of hydrogenated palm kernel stearin (HPKS) with emulsifiers was evaluated by applying the Avrami equation. Effects of five commercial emulsifiers (lecithin, monoglyceride, polyglycerol polyricinoleate, Span 60, and Tween 60) on crystallization behaviors were tested at four different isothermal temperatures (15, 20, 25, and 30 degrees C). It is shown that, as temperature increases, induction time for HPKS samples generally increased especially from 25 to 30 degrees C. Meanwhile, different nucleation mechanisms were observed according to Avrami exponent (n) values. The addition of emulsifiers generally accelerated crystallization rate without changing the growth mechanism (plate-like growth) under 25 degrees C. However, when the temperature increased to 30 degrees C, n ranged from 1.0 to 5.

In summary, our results indicate that 24 weeks of PEG-IFN plus ribavirin can effectively treat patients with HCV-6a chronic infection.”
“We used wet treatment to immobilize luminescent silicon

nanoparticles on industrial glass fibers to impart optical and chemical functions to the fiber. Carpets or pads consisting of thousands of fibers are processed in parallel, enhancing the sensitivity of detection and the sampled volume. Treated pads exhibit strong luminescence, characteristic of the luminescence of the particles; showing no shift, broadening, or reduction of quantum efficiency. We demonstrate that drawing TPX-0005 Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor material by the pad due to physical adsorption can be reversed. We also demonstrate that allylamine can be covalently attached by photoinduced irradiation reactions, which results in imprinting the amine

emission spectrum, providing spectral recognition. The imprint accompanied with a blue-shifting of the luminescence spectrum of the probe, allowing examination of the effect of termination on the nanoparticle structure. The shift is found to be consistent with an increase in the bandgap of the Si nanoparticle and is consistent with Quantum Monte Carlo calculations. In addition to sampling, the nano probe pad has the potential to enable a variety of biomedical applications through subsequent attachment. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3563535]“
“Long-term stability of intrastromal corneal ring segments is important in maintaining patients’ corrected distance visual acuity and avoiding injury Selleck MAPK inhibitor β-Nicotinamide Mononucleotide ic95 to the local tissues. We report a case of traumatic shattering of intrastromal segments due to

blunt trauma, with successful removal of the fragments.”
“A deuterated amorphous carbon target is generated from a fresh graphite layer via hyperthermal irradiation with deuterium ions using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. We use interatomic potentials that include nonbonded (long-range) interactions for maximum accuracy and simulate cumulative bombardment up to doses of 5.80 x 10(16) ions cm(-2) at 1000 K. The graphite target goes through several stages of erosion and swelling, leading to complete amorphization and significant density loss. The calculations show a transition from graphitelike hybridization to a mixture of diamondlike and linear hybridizations with dose. It is concluded that the current sample sizes obtained directly by cumulative irradiation affordable with MD are not sufficiently large to be used for sputtering calculations under steady-state conditions. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3553848]“
“We present the case of a female aged 16 years, suffering from cyclical menouria for the last 3 years. Clinical examination revealed the absence of a vagina.

The 50th percentile was also slightly upwards biased. For all variables, bias was more severe with shorter sampling durations, and it correlated significantly with the true full-shift value for the 10th and 90th percentiles and the percentile range. As expected, shorter samples led to decreased precision of the estimate; sample standard deviations correlated strongly with true full-shift exposure values.

Conclusions: The documented risk of pronounced bias and low precision of percentile estimates obtained from short posture samples presents a concern in ergonomics research and practice, and suggests that alternative, unbiased exposure variables should be considered if data collection resources are restricted.”
“Purpose:

To evaluate the cytotoxic activity of Hibiscus rosa sinensis against K-562

cancer find more cell line.

Methods: The crude Selleck Tozasertib petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of the leaf and stem of Hibiscus rosa sinensis were prepared using cold extraction method. The in vitro cytotoxic activity of the extracts (20 -100 mu g/ml) was evaluated on leukaemic cancer cell line (K-562) and Mardin-Darby kidney cell line (MDBK) (control) using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)- 2H-tetrazolium (MTS) and 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays, followed by morphological detection with Hoeschst staining.

Results: The methanol leaf SC79 extracts showed higher activity (IC50 value: 30.9

+/- 1.1 mu g/ml) against K-562 cells than petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts which exhibited IC50 of 87.6 +/- 0.91 and 57.6 +/- 0.61 mu g/ml (p < 0.05), respectively. Meanwhile, stem extracts from methanol showed IC50 of 79.80 mu g/ml against K-562. MDBK cells (positive control) showed IC50 > 100 mu g/ml for all the extracts. On treating K-562 cells with methanol leaf extract (30 mu g/ml), the former were observed to undergo apoptosis with nuclear segmentation after 24 h incubation. The methanol leaf extract produced cell death on K-562 cells by apoptosis.

Conclusion: Hibiscus rosa sinensis extracts possess potentials as effective cytotoxic agents against K562 cells.”
“Older adults with chronic pain who seek treatment often are in a health care environment that emphasizes patient-directed care, a change from the patriarchal model of care to which many older adults are accustomed.

To explore the experiences of older adults seeking treatment for chronic pain, with respect to patient-directed care and the patient-provider relationship.

In-depth interviews with 15 Caucasian older adults with chronic pain who had been evaluated at a university-based pain clinic. All interviews were audiotaped and the transcripts were analyzed using a grounded theory based approach.

Older adults with chronic pain vary in their willingness to be involved in their treatment decisions.

“
“Two experiments were designed to investigate the administration of intravaginal progesterone in protocols for oestrus and ovulation synchronization in beef heifers. In Experiment 1, cyclic Black Angus heifers (n = 20) received an Ovsynch protocol and were randomly assigned to receive (CIDR-Ovsynch) or not (Ovsynch) a progesterone device between Days 0 and 7. Treatment with

a controlled internal drug release (CIDR) device significantly click here increased the size of the dominant follicle prior to ovulation (12.8 +/- 0.4 CIDR-Ovsynch vs 11.4 +/- 0.4 Ovsynch) (p < 0.02). Plasma progesterone concentrations throughout the experiment were affected by the interaction between group and day effects

(p < 0.004). In Experiment 2, cyclic Polled Hereford heifers (n = 382) were randomly assigned to one of the six treatment groups (3 x 2 factorial design) to receive a CIDR, a used bovine intravaginal device (DIB), or a medroxiprogesterone acetate (MAP) sponge and GnRH analogues (lecirelin or buserelin). All heifers received oestradiol benzoate plus one of the devices on Day 0 and PGF on Day 7 pm (device withdrawal). Heifers were detected in oestrus 36 h after PGF and inseminated 812 h NVP-LDE225 nmr later, while the remainder received GnRH 48 h after PGF and were inseminated on Day 10 (60 h). The number of heifers detected in oestrus on Day 8 and conception rate to AI on Day 9 were higher (p < 0.01) in the used-DIB than in the VX-809 research buy CIDR or MAP groups, while the opposite occurred with the pregnancy rate to FTAI on Day 10 (p < 0.01). There was no effect of progesterone source, GnRH analogue or their interaction on overall pregnancy rates (64.9%). Progesterone treatment of heifers during an Ovsynch protocol resulted in a larger pre-ovulatory follicle in beef heifers. Progesterone content of intravaginal devices in synchronization protocols is important for the timing of AI, as the use of low-progesterone devices can shorten the interval to oestrus.”
“Background: We examined

the impact of nonST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) on clinical outcomes in patients with bifurcation lesions treated with drug-eluting stents. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that NSTE-ACS would be attributable to the increased risk of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in bifurcation percutaneous coronary intervention. Methods: We enrolled 1668 patients, using data from a multicenter real-world bifurcation registry. The primary objective was to compare the 2-year cumulative risk of MACE in patients with NSTE-ACS to those with stable angina. Major adverse cardiac events were defined as the composite endpoint of cardiac death, myocardial infarction (MI), and target-lesion revascularization.

The information presented is based on an extensive review of the literature on the selected topics and on the expertise of our multidisciplinary team.”
“An efficient solvent-free procedure has been developed for the synthesis of (E)-2-styrylquinoline derivatives under microwave irradiation in the presence of zinc chloride. The developed procedure is advantageous due to shorter reaction time and simpler workup.”
“Purpose of review

This article discusses the new imaging techniques in diagnosis and treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia by reviewing the most recent publications.

Recent findings

Imaging

study click here for the evaluation of patients with lower urinary tract symptoms is not suggested by American Urology Association guidelines; however, European Association of Urology recommends the assessment of the upper urinary tract by modalities HER2 inhibitor like ultrasound. Several new imaging indices like resistive index of capsular artery, presumed circle area ratio, prostatic urethral angle, intraprostatic protrusion, and detrusor wall thickness are used to find a noninvasive way for bladder outlet obstruction diagnosis. In addition to them, 3D transrectal ultrasound, near infrared spectroscopy, and MRI are used to add more practical findings in patient management.

Summary

Urologists

have requested more imaging studies than expected for benign prostatic hyperplasia patients in recent years, and several studies have been done to find a noninvasive way to diagnose bladder outlet obstruction. However, none of them could play the urodynamic studies role in bladder outlet obstruction diagnosis.”
“Background: We considered that women with prior preterm birth (PTB) would have evidence of subclinical atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, and arterial

stiffness. Methods: Four to 12 years after pregnancy, blood pressure and fasting lipids were analyzed, Luminespib order and women underwent evaluation, following standardized protocols, of carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), brachial flow-mediated dilation (FMD), and pulse wave velocity (PWV). Women with prior preterm (<37 weeks, n=181) or term births (>=37 weeks, n=306) were compared. Those with preeclampsia or term small-for-gestational-age (SGA) births were excluded. Results: Women with a prior preterm vs. term birth had higher blood pressure, on average, and a more atherogenic lipid profile. They also had marginally higher IMT (0.579 standard error [SE] 0.005vs. 0.567 [0.004] mm, p=0.06), adjusted for body size, demographics, and smoking. IMT differences were greater among those with non-preeclamptic-indicated PTB (0.034mm, p=0.05) and PTB<34 weeks (0.024mm, p=0.

“
“Oxygen is essential for life, and cells have therefore developed numerous adaptive responses to oxygen change. Here, we examined the difference in oxygen-control functions of human (HE), mouse (ME), and Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells cultured under different oxygen conditions (0.5%, 2% and 20%), and also examined

whether oxygen tensions contributed to cellular lifespan and transformation. HE cells had their replicative lifespan slightly extended under hypoxic (0.5% and 2% oxygen) conditions, but were not immortalized under any of the oxygen concentrations. On the other hand, although ME cells cultured under 20% oxygen tension decreased their proliferation potency temporarily at early stage, all rodent cells were immortalized and acquired anchorage-independency, regardless of oxygen tension. These results suggest that cellular oxygen control function is GSK1120212 related to sensitivities cellular immortalization and transformation.

To understand intervention of oxygen control ability on cellular immortalization and transformation, we examined the intracellular oxidative level, mitochondria functions and radiation sensitivity. Intracellular oxidative levels of hypoxically cultured rodent cells were significantly enhanced. Go 6983 mw Mitochondrial membrane potential wits altered depend on oxygen tensions, but the change was not parallel to mitochondria number

in rodent cells. ME cells were particularly sensitive to oxygen change, and showed Blasticidin S price a clear oxygen effect on the X-ray survival. However, there was no difference in frequency of radiation-induced micronuclei between HE and ME cells. These results suggest that the response to oxygen change differs markedly in HE and rodent cells.”
“The shock pressure generated by the glass confined regime in laser shock peening and its attenuation in the target material are investigated. First, the particle velocity of the target back free surface induced by laser generated shock pressure of this regime is measured using a photonic Doppler velocimetry system. The temporal profile of the particle velocity at the back free surface, where the elastic precursor is captured, manifests a powerful diagnostic capability of this newly developed photonic Doppler velocimetry system for tracking the velocity on short time scales in shock-wave experiments. Second, a coupling pressure analytical model, in which the material constitutive models of confined layers and target material are considered, is proposed to predict the plasma pressure profile at the surface of target. Furthermore, using the predicted shock pressure profile as the input condition, the dynamic response of the target under the shock pressure is simulated by LS-DYNA.

Both received the customary training in oral diagnosis. The experimental group underwent a 2 hour workshop where the guidelines for the referral of suspicious lesions were discussed. Three months later, a set of 51 clinical cases including benign, malignant, and precancerous conditions/lesions were used to assess the screening ability of each subject.

Results: All 37 students entered the study. Sensitivity (control group) ranged from 16.7% to 66.7%;

the experimental group scored from 16.7% to 83.3%. Fifty percent BMS-754807 Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor of the experimental students reached sensitivity values >= 62.5% (p=0.01). Diagnostic specificity (control group) spanned from 80% to 93.3% (median=50%); amongst experimental group it ranged from 82.2% to 97.8% (median=92.8%); (p=0.003). Concordance -control group-was X=82.5 (SD=3.2), and X=88.2 (SD=4.3) for the experimental, (p>0.001). Cohen’s kappa test was poor (K<0.40) for the controls and moderate for the experimental group. The experimental group referred more oral cancers urgently (p=0.002) and left less

unreferred cancers (0.04). This group also referred more precancerous lesions/conditions urgently (p=0.02).

Conclusions: The implementation of a clinical referral guideline at undergraduate level has proved valuable, under experimental conditions, to significantly increase diagnostic abilities of the examiners and thus to improve screening for oral cancer.”
“Scimitar syndrome is a rare cause of left-to-right shunting. Surgery is indicated TPCA-1 research buy for a pulmonary-to-systemic blood flow ratio greater than 1.5:1 and not infrequently is complicated by postoperative obstruction. WZB117 ic50 This report presents a case of scimitar syndrome and reviews how magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used for initial and follow-up assessment of the syndrome

with emphasis on suspected pulmonary venous obstruction. Given the potential high incidence of postoperative occlusion, MRI provides hemodynamic and anatomic information for both initial and follow-up assessment of scimitar syndrome. MRI clearly demonstrated transpleural pulmonary-to-systemic venous collaterals draining the obstructed scimitar vein.”
“Objectives. This study evaluated the surface structures and physicochemical characteristics of a novel autogenous tooth bone graft material currently in clinical use.

Study Design. The material’s surface structure was compared with a variety of other bone graft materials via scanning electron microscope (SEM). The crystalline structure of the autogenous tooth bone graft material from the crown (AutoBT crown) and root (AutoBT root), xenograft (BioOss), alloplastic material (MBCP), allograft (ICB), and autogenous mandibular cortical bone were compared using x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The solubility of each material was measured with the Ca/P dissolution test.

Results.