X chromosome microarray revealed a large deletion encompassing the genes IDS, FMR1, and AFF2 (FMR2) confirming the diagnoses of both Hunter and GSK690693 fragile X syndromes. This case is also a

reminder to clinicians that for optimum patient care, further diagnostic testing is warranted if there is concern that a patient’s phenotype is more severe or complex than would be expected for the initial neurogenetic diagnosis.”
“We tested the fluoroquinolone susceptibility of 499 Salmonella enterica isolates collected from travelers returning to Finland during 2003-2007. Among isolates from travelers to Thailand and Malaysia, reduced fluoroquinolone susceptibility decreased from 65% to 22% (p = 0.002). All isolates showing nonclassical quinolone resistance were from travelers to these 2 countries.”
“STAT-1 (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription-1) is a key signaling component of interferon gamma responses.

We present long-term manifestations in siblings with a mutation in the STAT1 gene, which include invasive salmonellosis, recurrent severe respiratory syncytial virus pneumonitis, NCT-501 research buy and hepatosplenic mycobacterial disease, and we summarize all other reported cases with STAT-1 deficiency.”
“Study Design. Systematic review.

Objective. The objectives of this systematic review were to determine whether sociologic and demographic factors modify the effect of fusion versus nonoperative management in patients with chronic low back pain.

Summary of Background Data. Chronic low back pain is among the most common symptoms leading

patients to seek medical care and presents significant challenges in treatment decision making. This is due to the wide array of pathologic conditions causing back pain, the multitude of patient variables (i.e., litigation, psychologic issues, social issues) that are thought to influence the perception of back pain, and the wide variation in treatment response. Sociodemographic factors are thought to play a role in pain perception and treatment response, though this has been poorly assessed in the literature.

Methods. Systematic review of the literature, focused on randomized controlled trials to assess the heterogeneity of find more treatment effect of sociodemographic factors on the outcomes of fusion versus nonoperative care of the treatment of chronic low back pain.

Results. The only sociologic factors evaluated in randomized controlled trials adequate to assess heterogeneity of treatment effect are pending litigation, worker’s compensation, sick leave, and heavy labor job type. Litigation patients, although thought to do poorly with treatment of chronic low back pain in general, responded more favorably to fusion than nonoperative care. Likewise, patients with lighter jobs and those patients who were not on sick leave did better with fusion than nonoperative care.

3%, P 0.62 and 10.9%, 0.12, respectively). However, age did significantly adversely decrease obturator internus muscle maximum CSA and

volume (24.5% and 28.2%, P < 0.001, respectively). Significant local age-related changes were observed dorsally in both muscles. Conclusions: Unlike the adjacent appendicular muscle, obturator internus, the levator ani muscle in healthy nullipara does not show evidence of significant age-related atrophy. Neurourol. Urodynam. 31: 481-486, 2012. (C) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.”
“Background: To investigate the value of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) at 3.0 T (3T), and especially the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), in discriminating PD98059 ovarian thecoma from other adnexal solid masses.

Methods: Eighteen thecomas or fibrothecomas, 14 ligamentous leiomyomas, and 24 other ovarian solid tumors underwent prospective DWI magnetic resonance imaging

(MRI) in addition to routine MRI on a 3T MRI machine. The baseline characteristics, components, and conventional MRI and DWI-MRI signals for the thecomas were recorded. The ADC values (ADCs) were measured for each group and compared.

Results: The thecomas often appeared as homogeneous isointensity (17/18) on T1-weighted images (T1WI; 11/18) or T2WI (11/18) on DWI-MRI, with minor (9/18) or mild (6/18) enhancement. The mean ADC value for thecoma (1.20 +/- 0.45 x 10(-3) mm(2)/s) was almost equal to that of the other solid ovarian masses (1.26 +/- 0.51 x Fosbretabulin chemical structure 10(-3) mm(2)/s), but lower than that for leiomyoma (1.48 +/- 0.42 x 10(-3) mm(2)/s), although not significantly so. There was a significant difference (p = 0.043) in the ADCs of the benign ovarian solid masses (1.16 +/- 0.47 x 10(-3) mm(2)/s) and leiomyomas (1.48 +/- 0.42 x 10(-3) mm(2)/s).

Conclusions: There is no significant difference in ADC between thecoma and other adnexal solid masses, but the

ADCs of thecomas are lower than those of leiomyomas.”
“Active default tracing is an integral part of tuberculosis (TB) programmatic PF-00299804 ic50 control. It can be differentiated into the tracing of defaulters (patients not seen at the clinic for >= 2 months) and ‘late patients’ (late for their scheduled appointments). Tracing is carried out to obtain reliable information about who has truly died, transferred out or stopped treatment, and, if possible, to persuade those who have stopped treatment to resume. This is important because, unlike routine care for non-communicable diseases, TB has the potential for transmission to other members of the community, and therefore presents the issue of the rights of the individual over the rights of the community. For this reason, default or ‘late patient’ tracing (defined together as default tracing in this article) has been incorporated into standard practice in most TB programmes and, in many industrialised countries, it is also a part of public health legislation.

However, III–V interval increased significantly at 227–910/s clicks (p < 0.05–0.01). All latencies, amplitudes and

intervals correlated significantly with click rates (all p < Selleck SCH772984 0.001). No differences were found in the slopes of MLS BAER variables–rate functions between the later preterm babies and term controls.

Conclusions. Babies born at 33–36 weeks gestation without major complications had an increased III–V interval at high-rate stimulation. This suggests that late preterm babies have a mild delay in neural conduction in the more central part of the auditory brainstem.”
“Carotid body paraganglioma has considerable malignant potential and locally aggressive behavior, so it should be treated as soon as it is discovered.

We report the case of 60-year-old male patient with a carotid body paraganglioma (Shamblin group II) that was causing the carotid arteries to spread. Angiography showed 1 dominant feeding artery arising from the right external carotid artery. Selective angiography was performed 2 days before surgical removal of the tumor, and the feeding artery was successfully embolized with coils.

Literature review reveals previous reports where preoperative embolization of the feeding arteries was done using ethanol, polymers, or

other liquid agents. In our AZD8186 order case, angiography (via femoral artery) was performed 2 days before surgical removal of the tumor, and the main feeding artery (a single branch arising from external carotid artery) was successfully embolized with coils rather than liquids.

Performing coil embolization before operating reduced subsequent

blood loss and made it easier to identify the feeding artery during surgery. Supraselective coiling, although as difficult as embolization with liquids, may reduce the incidence of postoperative stroke. At 1 year after surgery, the patient had no signs of tumor recurrence.”
“Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) is characterized by the presence of myelinated retinal fibers. This typical feature is very helpful for the diagnosis but is not always observed in patients outside Quebec. Apart from phenotype variations, misinterpretation of the funduscopy may explain discrepancies Mdivi-1 molecular weight and misdiagnosis. We analyze the modification of retinal fibers layer using the funduscopy and the optical coherence tomography (OCT) in two French patients having spinocerebellar ataxia associated with a spastic paraparesia with genetically confirmed ARSACS. In both patients the funduscopy showed a swollen and striated aspect of peripapillar fibers along the retinal vessels and in the intermaculopapillar region. The OCT displayed an important thickening of the optical fibers layer mainly in upper and lower temporal area without attenuation of deep layers, as well as a filling in of the foveolar depression with thickening of the ganglion cell layer normally absent from the foveola.

(PACE 2011; 34:506-520).”
“Aims: Squamous cell carcinoma of the retromolar trigone is uncommon. The standard initial treatment is primary surgery, which usually involves microvascular reconstruction with a composite flap. Some patients are considered unsuitable for this procedure. This retrospective study examined the outcome and toxicity for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the retromolar trigone treated with definitive learn more radiotherapy in a single centre.

Materials and methods: Between 1991 and 2000, 43 patients were treated with definitive radiotherapy with a median dose of 50 Gy in 16 fractions over 21

days. Hospital case notes and radiotherapy records were analysed.

Results: The median age was 66 years (range 39-84 years). Nodal disease was evident in 13 (30.2%) patients. Twenty-one patients (51.2%) had stage I/II AC220 mw disease and 20 patients (48.8%) had stage III/IV disease. After a median follow-up of 59 months, 13 (30.2%) patients were alive and well, nine (20.9%) patients had died of an intercurrent illness and 21 (48.8%) had died of their disease. Five-year locoregional control was 46.5% (95% confidence interval

29.7-61.7), cause-specific survival was 45.7% (95% confidence interval 29.1-60.8) and overall survival was 30.9% (95% confidence interval 17.5-46.3). Osteoradionecrosis was documented in two patients.

Discussion: This hypofractionated regimen is convenient for this patient population and produced comparable outcomes to longer fractionation schedules without an increase in late toxicity. (C) 2009 The Royal College of Radiologists. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Magnetoacoustic tomography with magnetic induction (MAT-MI) is a hybrid imaging modality proposed

to image electrical conductivity contrast of biological tissue with high spatial resolution. This modality combines magnetic excitations with ultrasound detection through the Lorentz force based coupling mechanism. GSK2126458 mouse However, previous studies have shown that MAT-MI method with single type of magnetic excitation can only reconstruct the conductivity boundaries of a sample. In order to achieve more complete conductivity contrast reconstruction, we proposed a multiexcitation MAT-MI approach. In this approach, multiple magnetic excitations using different coil configurations are applied to the object sequentially and ultrasonic signals corresponding to each excitation are collected for conductivity image reconstruction. In this study, we validate the new multiexcitation MAT-MI method for three-dimensional (3D) conductivity imaging through both computer simulations and phantom experiments. 3D volume data are obtained by utilizing acoustic focusing and cylindrical scanning under each magnetic excitation. It is shown in our simulation and experiment results that with a common ultrasound probe that has limited bandwidth we are able to correctly reconstruct the 3D relative conductivity contrast of the imaging object.

The follow-up sagittal balances for the cervical ADR and ACDF groups moved towards a neutral value. Although the follow-up neck and arm VAS of the both groups improved than those of the pre-operative status, the groups did not differ significantly except for a difference in neck VAS, which improved Selleckchem Combretastatin A4 more after ADR.

The remodeling of cervical

and thoracic curves after cervical ADR and ACDF was coupled and complementary. Cervical ADR contributed the restorations of angulations of cervical and thoracic spines. The neck VAS improved more after cervical ADR than after ACDF.”
“Background: Platinum drugs, including cisplatin, are a frontline therapeutic in ovarian cancer treatment and acquired resistance to selleckchem these agents is a major contributor to ovarian cancer morbidity and mortality. In this study a novel glycosylation-dependent mechanism for cisplatin resistance is described. Specifically, cisplatin-induced cell death is blocked by the activity of the ST6Gal-I sialyltransferase. ST6Gal-I modifies specific receptors by adding a negatively charged sialic acid sugar which influences diverse receptor functions. Overexpression of ST6Gal-I is a hallmark of ovarian and other cancers and its expression has been correlated to metastasis and poor prognosis.

Methods: Tumor cell viability and apoptotic induction were determined

in cell lines with ST6Gal-I overexpression and knockdown. In addition, cell populations Neuronal Signaling inhibitor with acquired resistance to cisplatin were assayed for endogenous ST6Gal-I expression.

Results: We show that forced expression of ST6Gal-I in OV4 ovarian cancer cells that lack endogenous ST6Gal-I causes reduced activation of caspase 3 and increased cell viability following cisplatin treatment. Conversely, forced ST6Gal-I knockdown in Pa-1 cells with high endogenous ST6Gal-I increases

cisplatin-induced caspase activation and cell death. A2780 ovarian cancer cells selected for stable cisplatin resistance display upregulated endogenous ST6Gal-I when compared with parental, cisplatin-sensitive, A2780 cells. Similarly, extended low dose cisplatin treatment of a Pa-1 polyclonal ST6Gal-I shRNA knockdown population led to selection for subclones with elevated ST6Gal-I expression.

Conclusions: Receptor sialylation by ST6Gal-I confers a survival advantage for tumor cells in the presence of cisplatin. These collective findings support a role for ST6Gal-I in chemoresistance and highlight ST6Gal-I as a potential therapeutic target for platinum resistant tumors.”
“Purpose: To analyze the quality of studies reporting randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in the field of endourology.

Materials and Methods: RCTs published in the Journal of Endourology from 1993 until 2011 were identified. The Jadad scale, van Tulder scale, and Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool (CCRBT) were used to assess the quality of the studies.

The program consisted of sociotherapy, physiotherapy, psychotherapy, and creative arts therapy. Drop-out rate was 4.8%. The attendance rate of 100 patients who completed the 12-week program and five aftercare meetings was high (97.4%), just like patient and therapist satisfaction (8.2 on a 10 points scale). After the 12-week program, this website statistically significant improvement was seen in both FIQ and EQ-5D. This improvement was maintained after 9 months of follow-up. On average, moderate improvements were observed. Our 12-week multidisciplinary part-time daycare intervention with five aftercare meetings for FM patients is

feasible and it is indicated that it can lead to sustained improvement in functional status and quality of life.”
“Background: Decreased physical performance has been associated with an increased risk of falls and fragility hip fractures. The purpose of our study ITF2357 order was to compare physical performance measures and fall risk factors in middle-aged and elderly patients with recent distal radial

fractures relative to age-matched control patients.

Methods: We prospectively recruited forty postmenopausal women over fifty years of age who sustained a distal radial fracture due to a fall and forty age-matched controls without a recent history of falls. We excluded those patients with cognitive impairment, neuromuscular diseases, or other chronic conditions affecting muscle function. I-BET151 nmr We compared the two groups for the level of physical performance and other risk factors of a fall. Other known risk factors assessed were low body mass index; osteoarthritis; arrhythmia; depression; visual disturbance; hypotension; use of antihypertensive drugs, sedatives, hypnotics, or antidepressants; and use of four or more medications.

Results: There

was no significant difference in the Short Physical Performance Battery summary score between the two groups. However, when patients with distal radial fracture were compared with control patients, significantly lower scores were observed for chair stand (p = 0.034) and grip strength (adjusted for hand dominance) (p = 0.038).

Conclusions: This study suggests that overall physical performance level is not different between women with a distal radial fracture and those without a distal radial fracture. Differences in chair stand test scores and grip strength may imply an early subtle decrease in physical performance level in patients with distal radial fracture.”
“P>A genetic screen in Arabidopsis was developed to explore the regulation of chloroplast protein import in vivo using two independent reporters representing housekeeping and photosynthetic pre-proteins. We first used 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase (EPSP synthase*), a key enzyme in the shikimic acid pathway, with a mutation that confers tolerance to the herbicide glyphosate.

The mean development of bladder sensation is significantly different between patients and healthy volunteers as well as their average diuresis. Conclusions: Patients with OAB describe their bladder sensations as a pressure or a tingling sensation. There appear to be

two types of urgency: a sudden absolute need to void and a slowly developing absolute need to void. Furthermore bladder sensation develops significantly different in volunteers than in OAB patients. Neurourol. Urodynam. 31: 521-525, 2012. (C) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.”
“Disorders of the parathyroid glands most commonly present with abnormalities of serum calcium. Patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, the most common cause of hypercalcemia in outpatients, are often asymptomatic or may have bone disease, this website nephrolithiasis, or neuromuscular symptoms. Patients with chronic kidney disease may develop secondary hyperparathyroidism with resultant chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder. Hypoparathyroidism most often occurs after neck surgery; it can also be caused by autoimmune destruction of the glands and other less common problems. Evaluation of patients with abnormal serum calcium

Dinaciclib manufacturer levels includes a history and physical examination; repeat measurement of serum calcium level; and measurement of creatinine, magnesium, vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone levels. The treatment for symptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism is parathyroidectomy. Management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism includes monitoring symptoms; serum calcium and creatinine levels; and bone mineral density. Patients with hypoparathyroidism require close monitoring and vitamin D (e.g., calcitriol) replacement. Copyright (C) 2013 American Academy of Family Physicians.”
“SETTING: A tuberculosis (TB) referral hospital in South Korea.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate predictors of treatment

outcomes and survival among non-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) PF-562271 infected patients with extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB).

DESIGN: Patients who were diagnosed with XDR-TB at the National Masan Tuberculosis Hospital from January 2001 to December 2005 were included in this study. We conducted a retrospective review of their medical records and mortality data.

RESULTS: A total of 176 non-HIV-infected patients with XDR-TB were included. TB-related mortality was 48% (84/1.76), and the median survival time from the diagnosis date of XDR-TB was 51 months (range 0127, 95%CI 32.53-69.47). Cure and treatment completion were classified as favourable outcome and treatment failure, death during treatment and default as poor outcome. Previous TB treatment with second-line drugs (aOR 2.76, 95%CI 1.02-7.44) and cavitary disease (aOR 3.01, 95%CI 1.12-8.08) were independent risk factors for poor outcome. Use of linezolid (aOR 0.10, 95%CI 0.01-0.69) and surgical resection (aOR 0.18, 95%CI 0.04-0.78) were associated with favourable outcome.

6 degrees C, respectively. The photopolymerization of HREM was Studied using photo-DSC. Heat flow was observed during UV irradiation, and the curing rate and conversion both increased with rising photoinitiator content. (c) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 111: 1172-1176, 2009″
“Lactobacillus

rhamnosus is one of the most widely used probiotic microorganisms. Although this microorganism is not known for its virulence some rare cases of bacteraemia and endocarditis have been observed. Thus, it is important SNS-032 datasheet to identify the possible risks associated with each strain. Comparison of clinical and probiotic strains may give information on properties that could be a safety concern. A possible adverse effect is bacterial translocation. Animals with induced-colitis constitute a good model to assess translocation in the AR-13324 concentration case of mucosal barrier disruption. We aimed at determining the ability of five L. rhamnosus strains, from clinical or probiotic origin, showing different in vitro properties, to induce in vivo translocation in both, healthy and colitic

animals. We also tested the effects on the gut mucosal lining by measuring intestinal permeability. None of the in vitro parameters used for selection of the strains included in this study appear to be a risk for translocation or mucosal barrier disruption. (c) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The objective of this retrospective study was to investigate the incidence and clinical implications of multinucleation in blastomeres biopsied from cleavage-stage embryos obtained from patients undergoing preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) for aneuploidies or preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) for translocations or single-gene defects (SGD). A total of 3515 embryos were obtained from 306 couples in 380 PGD or PGS cycles. Incidence of multinucleation, chromosomal complement in multinucleated (MN) and sibling embryos and the characteristics of MN embryos resulting in healthy births were investigated. Of all cycles, 41.3% involved at least one MN embryo. There

were more uniformly selleck diploid than uniformly haploid nuclei (22.0% versus 7.9%, P < 0.01). The most common form of abnormality was chaotic chromosomal complement (39.9%, 147/368). Transfer of embryos that had MN blastomeres free of the genetic abnormalities tested resulted in three healthy deliveries. It is concluded that, although the majority of MN blastomeres are chromosomally abnormal, healthy births are possible after transfer of embryos containing these blastomeres subjected to genetic analysis. As far as is known, this is the first report of healthy births after transfer of embryos with MN blastomeres tested for translocations or SGD in PGD cycles. Crown copyright (C) 2013, Published by Elsevier Ltd. on behalf of Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. All rights reserved.

the patient was assigned to an PF-562271 extensive lifestyle-modification and behavior-modification program, with clinic-based follow-up every 4 weeks.”
“We report on optically pumped lasing at 500 nm on InGaN laser structures grown by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy. The InGaN laser structures were grown under group III-rich conditions on bulk (0001) GaN substrates. The influence of the nitrogen flux and growth temperature on the indium content of InGaN layers was studied. We demonstrate that at

elevated growth temperatures, where appreciable dissociation rate for In-N bonds is observed, the indium content of InGaN layers increases with increasing nitrogen flux. We show that growth of InGaN at higher temperatures improves optical quality of InGaN quantum wells, which is crucial for green emitters. The influence of piezoelectric fields on the lasing wavelength is also discussed. In particular, the controversial issue of partial versus complete screening of Acalabrutinib order built-in electric field at lasing conditions is examined, supporting the former case. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3639292]“
“The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family of extracellular proteases performs crucial roles in development and repair of the skeleton owing to their ability to remodel the extracellular matrix (ECM) and release bioactive molecules. Most MMP-null skeletal phenotypes that have been previously described are mild, thus permitting the assessment of their

functions during bone repair in the adult. In humans and mice, MMP2 deficiency causes a musculoskeletal MK-4827 phenotype. In this study, we assessed the role of MMP2 during mouse fracture repair and compared it with the roles of MMP9 and MMP13. Mmp2 was expressed at low levels in the normal skeleton and was broadly expressed in the fracture callus. Treatment of wildtype mice with a general MMP inhibitor, GM6001, caused delayed cartilage remodeling and bone formation during fracture repair, which resembles the defect observed in Mmp9(-/-)mice. Unlike Mmp9- and Mmp13-null mutations, which

affect both cartilage and bone in the callus, the Mmp2-null mutation delayed bone remodeling but not cartilage remodeling. This remodeling defect occurred without changes in either osteoclast recruitment or vascular invasion of the fracture callus compared with wild type. However, we did not detect changes in expression of Mmp9, Mmp13 or Mt1-Mmp (Mmp14) in the calluses of Mmp2-null mice compared with wild type by in situ hybridization, but we observed decreased expression of Timp2 in the calluses of Mmp2-, Mmp9- and Mmp13-null mice. In keeping with the skeletal phenotype of Mmp2-null mice, MMP2 plays a role in the remodeling of new bone within the fracture callus and impacts later stages of bone repair compared with MMP9 and MMP13. Taken together, our results indicate that MMPs play unique and distinct roles in regulating skeletal tissue deposition and remodeling during fracture repair.

Objective: To estimate the effect of obesity prevention on annual and lifetime drug spending as well as other sector-specific expenditures, i.e. the hospital segment, long-term care segment and primary healthcare.

Methods: The RIVM (Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment) Chronic Disease Model and buy Pevonedistat Dutch cost of illness data were used to simulate, using a Markov-type model approach, the lifetime expenditures in the pharmaceutical segment and three other healthcare segments for a hypothetical cohort of obese (body mass index [BMI] >= 30 kg/m(2)), non-smoking people

with a starting age of 20 years. In order to assess the sector-specific consequences of obesity prevention, these costs were compared with the costs of two other similar cohorts, i.e. a ‘healthy-living’ cohort (non-smoking and a BMI >= 18.5 and <25kg/m(2)) and a smoking cohort. To assert whether preventing obesity results in cost savings in any of the segments, net present values were estimated using different discount rates. Sensitivity analyses were conducted across key input values and using a broader definition of healthcare.

Results: Lifetime drug expenditures are higher for obese people than for ‘healthy-living’ people, despite shorter life expectancy for the obese. Obesity prevention results in savings on drugs for obesity-related diseases until the age of 74 years, which outweigh

additional drug costs for diseases unrelated to obesity in life-years gained. Furthermore, obesity prevention will increase long-term care expenditures substantially, while savings in the other healthcare segments are small or non-existent. click here Discounting costs more heavily or using lower relative mortality risks for obesity would make obesity prevention a relatively more attractive strategy in terms of healthcare costs, especially for the long-term care segment. Application of a broader definition of healthcare costs has the opposite effect.

Conclusions: Obesity prevention will PHA-848125 likely result in savings in the pharmaceutical segment, but substantial additional costs for long-term care. These

are important considerations for policy makers concerned with the future sustainability of the healthcare system.”
“Background: Peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related peritonitis is a common and morbid complication of PD. Bacteria are able to create a biofilm on the PD catheter, which can be a source of recurrent infection. Biofilms undergo a phenotypic change resulting in increased antibiotic resistance.

Methods: 21 clinical isolates of different patients with PD peritonitis secondary to Staphylococcus aureus were collected. They were analyzed for their antibiotic susceptibility in the planktonic form using the standard minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and in a biofilm using minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC). Chi-square was used to compare the sensitivity results.