37 For each liquid, both the left and right sides of two drops (on different locations) were obtained for all specimens, and the average was calculated.

The specimens were packed in sealed sterile plastic bags with sterile distilled water and ultrasonicated for 20 min. Then all specimen surfaces were exposed to ultraviolet light in a laminar flow chamber for 20 min for sterilization.38 C. albicans adhesion was evaluated for all specimens, both saliva conditioned and unconditioned. For the preparation find more of the inoculum, the yeast C. albicans ATCC 90028 was seeded in an agar YEPD culture medium (1% yeast extract, 2% peptone, 2% dextrose, 2% agar) and incubated for 48 h at 37 °C. After this period, two loops of the cultivated yeast were transferred to 20 mL of the YNB (yeast nitrogen base) medium (Difco, Detroit, MI, USA) with 50 mM glucose. After incubation for 21 h at 37 °C, the cells were washed twice with sterile phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS) (pH INK 128 mw 7.2) by agitation and centrifugation at 5000 × g for 5 min. After washing, the cells were re-suspended in 20 mL of YNB broth with 100 mM sterile glucose. C. albicans suspensions were standardized to a concentration of 1 × 107 cell/mL, spectrophotometrically. An aliquot of 3 mL of the standardized C. albicans suspension was added to each well of a 12-well microplate containing

the specimens and maintained for 90 min at 37 °C in the adhesion phase. 39 Thereafter, the specimens were carefully washed twice with 3 mL of PBS to remove the non-adhered cells. Negative Tangeritin controls were sterile specimens immersed in YNB broth supplemented

with glucose at 100 mM. All experiments were performed in triplicate on three different occasions. The viability of the C. albicans cells adhering to acrylic specimen surfaces was evaluated by XTT (2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfo-phenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide)-reduction assay, which measures the cell metabolic activity. Although XTT is a semi-quantitative colorimetric assay, 40 it correlates well with other quantitative techniques such as ATP and CFU assays 40 and 41 and, thus, it has been widely used to evaluate fungal adhesion and biofilm formation. 33 and 40 The XTT solution (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) was prepared using ultra pure water at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, sterilized by filtration and maintained at −70 °C. The menadione solution (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) was prepared in 0.4 mM acetone immediately before each experiment. After washing, the specimens were transferred to 12-well microplates containing, in each well, 2370 μL of PBS supplemented with 200 mM glucose, 600 μL of XTT and 30 μL of menadione. The plates were incubated in the dark for 3 h at 37 °C. The entire contents of each well were transferred to individual tubes and centrifuged at 5000 × g for 2 min.

Herein, the i.p. injection of PNV caused perivascular edema in venules of the microcirculation of hippocampus indicating that the BBB was also permeated. The incidence of perivascular edema was higher in young animals than in adult animals treated with PNV. However, there was variation in the number of affected vessels per region. A possible correlation between the incidences of perivascular edema and induction of Flt-1 expression by venom in P14 rats was not clear. Relative to controls there was significant increase of affected vessels in CA1 in

all time points, in CA3 at 1, 2 and 24 h and in DG at 2 h after PNV exposure. No significant incidence of vessels’ edema was noticed in CA2. Likewise, Flt-1 expression was unchanged in CA2; in CA1 it was upregulated in all time-points, in CA3 BMS-754807 purchase at 5 and

24 h and in DG it was upregulated PR-171 in vitro in all time-points. Studies have shown that Flt-1 is a signaling agent for chemotaxis in immune responses (Forstreuter et al., 2002). In non-nervous tissue, Flt-1 has been documented in asthma (Hoshino et al., 2001), eosinophil inflammatory response (Feistritzer et al., 2004) and in neutrophils infiltrate in muscle intoxicated by snake venom (Dourado et al., 2011). A number of inflammatory diseases seem to be related with Flt-1 expression and exacerbation of the pathology. In the Alzheimer disease, Flt-1 mediates microglial chemotactic inflammatory responses which contribute to increase the pathological condition (Ryu et al., 2009). Inflammatory responses are known to be associated with higher permeability and extravascular release of fluid and protein into tissue. Whether the increase of Flt-1 expression seen in P14 animals has a role in the modulation of vascular permeability through hippocampal endothelial cells and neuroinflammation is elusive so far. If

Alectinib in vivo this is confirmed it seems that the responses are non-homogeneous in relation to receptor expression in all the hippocampus of young animals. On the other hand, the hypothesis that Flt-1 upregulation could modulate positively the incidence of perivascular edema seems unlikely for adult animals. In fact, the upregulation of Flt-1 in adult animals exposed to PNV was correlated with just a trend (non-significant) for increasing the number of vessels with perivascular edema. Since Flt-1 upregulation has been also reported as a neuroprotective signaling for VEGF mediation in pathological conditions, it is likely that in adults Flt-1 acts against the neurotoxic effect of PNV, hence inhibiting the formation of perivascular edema. In line with this, the fact that Flt-1 upregulation was in general more expressive in the older than in the younger animals (120% vs. 118% in CA1, 215% vs. 100% in CA2, 288% vs. 141% in CA3 and 420% vs.

This was in contrast to Ts6, which inhibited TNF-α release at 25 and 50 μg/mL. When cells were pre-stimulated with LPS, TsV at all concentrations (Fig. 3B) and Ts1 (Fig. 3D) or Ts6 (Fig. 3H) at 100 μg/mL were also able to induce TNF-α release compared to LPS alone. On the other hand, Ts2 inhibited the release of TNF-α at all concentrations in the presence of LPS (Fig. 3F). Fig. 4 shows the IL-6 release induced by venom and its toxins. Compared to RPMI-c alone, GW-572016 nmr TsV (Fig. 4A) or Ts1 (Fig. 4C) at all concentrations

or Ts6 at 50 or 100 μg/mL (Fig. 4G) stimulated the cells to release of IL-6. In the presence of LPS, more IL-6 was released after addition of TsV (at all concentrations) or Ts1 or Ts6 (100 μg/mL) compared to LPS alone. Likewise, it should be noted that Ts2 (from 25 to 100 μg/mL) induced a marked decrease in IL-6 release compared to LPS alone (P < 0.05). This result suggests an anti-inflammatory Pictilisib manufacturer activity of Ts2 at these concentrations. The same behavior was not observed for IL-1β, which was not detected by the method used (data not shown). The release of IL-10, an immunoregulatory cytokine is shown in

Fig. 5. Only Ts2 (100 μg/mL), in the absence of LPS, promoted an increase in IL-10 release compared to RPMI-c (Fig. 5A). Cells pre-stimulated with LPS did not release IL-10 when stimulated with any concentration of Ts2 (Fig. 5B). TsV, Ts1 and Ts6 also did not induce IL-10 production (data not shown). Taken together, these results indicate an anti-inflammatory activity for Ts2. Scorpion envenomation is an important public health problem (Chippauxa and Goyffonb, 2008); therefore, we analyzed the macrophage cytokine production and NO release induced

by scorpion venom and its constituent PLEK2 toxins. Following envenomation, the released cytokines may contribute to inflammation and the activation of macrophages, as well as the induction of the immune response (Commins et al., 2010). In cases of severe envenomation by T. serrulatus, a systemic inflammatory response-like syndrome is triggered, with the release of inflammatory cytokines, that contributes to immunological imbalance, multiple organ dysfunction and death ( Magalhães et al., 1999 and Petricevich, 2010). Here, we showed that TsV, Ts1 and Ts6 stimulated the release of NO, IL-6 and TNF-α by J774.1 cells and that Ts2, in the presence of LPS, inhibited the release of these inflammatory mediators. Further, in the absence of LPS, Ts2 stimulated increased IL-10 production. First, it was important to determine if venom and its component toxins constituted a cytotoxic stimulus per se. Low cytotoxicity was only observed using 100 μg/mL of Ts2; this phenomenon does not interfere with macrophage activation and production of mediators because similar results were observed at 25 and 50 μg/mL.

2 and sequences are provided in the supplementary table (Supplementary file 3). Our results suggest that the key actors regulating bone tissue metabolism are particularly well conserved Selleckchem Selumetinib among vertebrates. The following are the supplementary data related to this article. Supplementary material. We greatly thank the technical assistance of the Laboratoire des sciences aquatiques de l’Université Laval

and Dr. Brian Boyle for his assistance with the Illumina library preparation at the Institut de Biologie Intégrative des Systèmes (IBIS), Québec. We thank as well Éric Fournier and Frederic Fournier for their help in bioinformatics analyses and Orphé Bichet for her help with data illustration. Computations were carried out on the supercomputer Colosse, Université Laval, managed by Calcul Québec and Compute Canada. This project was supported by the Ministère du Développement économique, Innovation et Exportation du Québec, the Ressources Aquatiques Québec

(RAQ), the Société de recherche et de développement en aquaculture continentale (SORDAC) Inc. (PSR-SIIRI-443) and the Aquaculture Collaborative Research and Development Program, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (Q-08-01-001). “
“Extremely halophilic archaea inhabit hypersaline environments such as salt lakes, soda lakes, solar salterns, and saline soils (Grant, 2004). All members of halophilic archaea belong to the family Halobacteriaceae under the phylum Euryarchaeota. Currently, this family comprises ~ 40 http://www.selleckchem.com/products/tenofovir-alafenamide-gs-7340.html recognized genera based on the List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature (Parte, 2014). The genus Halococcus was proposed by Schoop (1935), and the genome sequence of the halophilic archaeon Halococcus hamelinensis was first proposed by Burns et al. (2012). The species Halococcus sediminicola CBA1101T (= CECT 8275T, JCM 18965T) was discovered by Yim et al. (2014). H. sediminicola CBA1101T was isolated from a marine sediment sample collected from the bay of Gangjin in the Republic of Korea. This strain can grow in 15–30% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 20%). It also showed esterase activity with Tween 20, 40, and 80, which can

be used to identify esterases in hypersaline environment ( Yim et al., 2014). The transformation of low-value fats and oils by these esterases finds application in the food Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase industry for flavor enrichment of cheese-based products ( Choi and Lee, 2001 and Panda and Gowrishankar, 2005). Here, we present the genome sequence of H. sediminicola CBA1101T and the identification of the genes responsible for salt tolerance and those encoding commercially useful hydrolases, i.e., esterases activated by high salinity. Genomic DNA of H. sediminicola CBA1101T was isolated and purified using G-spin™ DNA extraction kit (iNtRON Biotechnology, Seongnam, Korea) and sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq system (Illumina, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

An equal amount of solution B was added dropwise resulting in a final DMSO-concentration of 10% and a PBMC-concentration

of 11.5 × 106 cells/ml. With the protein-free and the FBS-based cryomedia, PBMC were directly resuspended in the medium at a concentration of 11.5 × 106 cells/ml. 1 ml aliquots of cell suspension were immediately transferred to precooled (− 20 °C) cryovials (Sarstedt, Nürnbrecht), placed into a freezing isopropanol container (VWR, Darmstadt; cooling rate of 1 °C/min) for freezing and stored at − 80 °C overnight. Afterwards, samples were transferred to the gas phase of a liquid nitrogen tank and stored for no more than 4 weeks or for, on average, 6 months, comparing the short- and long-term effects of the cryopreservation protocol. For ISRIB cell line thawing, IMDM medium (Gibco, Karlsruhe) containing l-glutamine, 25 mM HEPES buffer, and 3.024 g/l sodium bicarbonate was used, supplemented with 10% of the same pretested, heat-inactivated FBS (PAA, Cölbe) as used for cryopreservation and 1 mM l-glutamine (Gibco, Karlsruhe). The cryovials were directly transferred from the liquid nitrogen tank to a 37 °C water bath and samples were thawed until only little ice remained. Afterwards, 1 ml of

the thawing medium was slowly added to the PBMC suspension and the sample was transferred to a 50 ml polypropylene tube (Sarstedt, Nürnbrecht) containing see more 9 ml prewarmed thawing medium. The tubes were centrifuged with 400 g for 5 min. The PBMC were resuspended in 10 ml thawing medium and placed in a cell incubator (5% CO2, 37 °C) overnight with a loose cap. The efficiency of the cryopreservation

protocol was evaluated after short- (2.6 ± 1.1 weeks) and long-term storage (5.4 ± 1.6 months) of the PBMC in the gas phase of a liquid nitrogen tank. 3 samples per cryomedium and donor were thawed and cell recovery and viability were measured directly and after overnight rest using trypan blue exclusion by ViCell (Beckman Coulter, Krefeld). Each sample was measured three times. Cell recovery and cell viability were Ixazomib manufacturer calculated in the following way: Recovery%directly after thawing,0h:% recovery=number of viable PBMC after thawing×100/number of frozen viable PBMC Recovery%after overnight rest,24h:% recovery=number of viable PBMC after overnight rest×100/number of frozen viable PBMC–number of viable PBMC removed for measurement at0h %viability=number of viable PBMC×100/number of total PBMC%viability=number of viable PBMC×100/number of total PBMC PBMC were assayed for IFN-γ production in the presence of CMV (cytomegalovirus) pp65 peptide pool (BD Bioscience, Heidelberg), CEF peptide pool (cytomegalovirus, Epstein–Barr virus, and influenza virus, CTL, Bonn), PHA (phytohemagglutinin, Sigma-Aldrich, Taufkirchen) and media containing 0.4% DMSO in triplicates.

InterProScan indicates that the chitin-binding domain covers the whole mature sequence. Their three-dimensional model is composed of an anti-parallel β-sheet and one short α-helix, is stabilized by three disulfide bridges ( Fig. 2B), and was constructed using the structure indicated by LOMETS 1ULK (71.88% of identity) in addition to 1T0W. Validation parameters are summarized in Table 2. The rigid model structure suggests that five residues are responsible for binding on (GlcNAc)3: GLN1, SER12, TRP14, TYR16 and TYR23 ( Fig. 2B). As observed for the grape’s peptide, the

MD also indicates that this is a stable complex, being maintained by at least one hydrogen bond, and varying from one to six hydrogen bonds ( Fig. S1B). The peptide structure shows the backbone’s see more RSMD of 3 Å ( Fig. 4) and does not lose the secondary structure, gaining instead an additional β-strand ( Fig. 3B). This assumption was confirmed by a slight RMS fluctuation at the C-terminal ( Figs. 4 and S2B). Two sequences from Selaginella moellendorffii were retrieved, XP_002962191 (GenBank ID: XP_002962191) and XP_002973523

(GenBank ID: XP_002973523). XP_002962191 is 125 amino acids long, while XP_002973523 showed a length of 64 residues. A signal peptide was predicted in XP_002962191 covering the first 28 residues, resulting in a mature peptide with 97 amino acid residues. As well as the rice’s peptide, this sequence may have a precursor organization PD98059 supplier similar to that of Ac-AMP2 and Ar-AMP. However, no similar cleavage sites have been observed among them. Therefore, XP_002962191 was removed from analysis, avoiding

wrong conclusions. In contrast, the sequence XP_002973523 probably belongs to the hevein-like class. This sequence has a predicted signal peptide comprising the first 23 residues, resulting in a 41 amino acid long mature peptide. InterProScan indicates that the chitin-binding domain covers the whole mature sequence. The LOMETS server indicates that the best template for this sequence is the structure 4��8C of class I chitinase from O. sativa (PDB ID: 2DKV) [30], that shares 46.34% of identity with XP_002973523. This model was submitted to an additional energy minimization, in order to stabilize the disulfide bond between CYS5 and CYS17, since their sulfur atoms were distant by 2.2 Å, being the 2 Å correct distance for disulfide bond formation. The overall structure is composed by an anti-parallel β-sheet and one short α-helix, being stabilized by four disulfide bonds ( Fig. 2C). Table 2 summarizes the validation data of the three-dimensional model. The rigid model structure suggests that three residues are responsible for binding on (GlcNAc)3: SER18, PHE20, TYR22 and TYR29 ( Fig. 2C). The complex is stabilized by three hydrogen bonds during the most of MD time, varying to zero to six hydrogen bonds ( Fig. S1C).

When relative was present, it was perceived as a protective factor for the stroke-client “And if I’d not been there she wouldn’t have received anything for the three weeks she was there [in acute care], and so in a three-month period, we would have lost three weeks

[of intensive rehabilitation]” (R7T1). However, a perverse effect occurred when relatives became anxious about the possibility http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Bortezomib.html of the patient receiving fewer services in their absence “So we were supposed to take care of her, you know. They saw me bathing my sister one evening, and you ask yourself, will they bathe her another time?” (R6T1) or “…I was there to protect him because he simply wasn’t able to” (R18T1). Results of the Phase 2 focus group discussions supported the findings from Phase 1 LY294002 clinical trial suggesting a general lack of involvement of relatives in stroke care and decision making. One stroke client argued for the need of relatives to be systematically included: “What I think is sad… I think it hurts our spouses and close ones more than it hurts us. We’re only confined to a bed, but they have to look after transportation, visiting us at the hospital, and so on. I have

two children. My wife fell into a depression when it happened to me… She had to get help herself.” Discussion led toward participants’ perception about the feasibility of implementing a truly family-centered approach in stroke care. One relative said: “We cannot leave out the family in a situation Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase like that,” while another said “That would be great, totally refreshing

[family-centered approach as an ideal].” To make it feasible, relatives would need to be informed about the legitimacy of such care and services. As one stroke client pointed out: “It’s true, and they [relatives] don’t know their rights either… they’re not informed about their rights, such as asking for help.” On the other hand, one health professional described the current status of relatives: “We try to meet the families, to give support… but it’s not consistent, there’s no real follow-up, we don’t meet them every week. They [relatives] are not clients In contrast, some stroke clients would argue that it is feasible to implement a systematic family-centered approach post-stroke based on their previous experiences in other health care domains (e.g., cardiology and liver transplantation): “I’ll give you an example. Before I was operated on, six people came to see me to tell me what was happening. Even those who already had an operation like that came to see me. I didn’t expect that at all. I think having ex-patients come is great. You get to know about the operation and the approach and what to expect, what’s going to happen.

, 2006 and Takakura et al., 2011). The right splanchnic nerve was isolated via a retroperitoneal approach, and the segment distal to the suprarenal ganglion was placed on a pair of teflon-coated silver wires that had been bared at the tip (250 μm bare diameter; A-M Systems, www.a-msystems.com). The nerves and wires were embedded in adhesive material (Kwik-Cast Sealant, WPI, USP), and the wound was closed around the exiting recording

wires. Upon completion of the surgical procedures, halothane was replaced by urethane (1.2 g/kg of body weight) administered slowly i.v. All rats were ventilated with 100% oxygen throughout the experiment. The rectal temperature was maintained at 37 °C and the end tidal-CO2 (ETCO2) were monitored throughout Selleck NLG919 the experiment with a capnometer (CWE, Inc., Ardmore, PA, USA) that

was calibrated RGFP966 chemical structure twice per experiment against a calibrated CO2/N2 mix. The adequacy of the anesthesia was monitored during a 20 min stabilization period by testing for the absence of withdrawal response, the lack of arterial pressure change and lack of change in the PND rate or amplitude to firm toe pinch. After these criteria were satisfied, the muscle relaxant pancuronium was administered at the initial dose of 1 mg/kg i.v. and the adequacy of anesthesia was thereafter gauged solely by the lack of increase in arterial pressure and PND rate or amplitude to firm toe pinch. Approximately hourly supplements of one-third of the pentoxifylline initial dose of urethane were needed to satisfy these criteria during the course of the recording period (4 h). In the anesthetized rats placed in a stereotaxic frame (model 1760; David Kopf Instruments), muscimol (Sigma Chemicals Co., St-Louis, MO, USA, 2 mM or 100 pmol/50 nl, in sterile saline pH 7.4) was pressure injected into the commNTS (50 nl in 5 s) through single-barrel glass pipettes (20 μm tip diameter). Injections into the commNTS were made 400 μm caudal to the calamus scriptorius, in the midline and 0.3–0.5 mm below the dorsal surface

of the brainstem. In conscious freely moving rats, the same dose of muscimol was injected into the commNTS using 1 μl Hamilton syringes connected by polyethylene tubing (PE-10) to the injection needle 1.5 mm longer than the guide cannulas implanted into the brain. The solution of muscimol contained a 5% dilution of fluorescent latex microbeads (Lumafluor, New City, NY, USA) for later histological identification of the injection sites (Moreira et al., 2006). Twenty-four hours after the artery and vein cannulation, when the rats were completely recovered from the surgery and adapted to the environment of the recording room, the arterial catheter was connected to a pressure transducer (MLT844, ADInstruments, Sydney, NSW, Australia) coupled to a preamplifier (Bridge Amp, ML221, ADInstruments, Sydney, NSW, Australia) that was connected to a Powerlab computer data acquisition system (PowerLab 16/30, ML880, ADInstruments).

2) (including the Guiana uplands, Evans and Meggers, 1960: Plate 8, contra Hammond et al., 2007). Their habitat was humid tropical rainforest, not savanna, according to pollen, phytoliths, stable carbon isotopes, and macrobotanical studies C59 wnt ic50 (Gnecco and Mora, 1997 and Mora, 2003:109–129; Roosevelt, 2000:468–471, 480–481; Roosevelt et al., 1996 and Roosevelt et al., 2002: 182–183, 189–203). Grasses are virtually absent from the ancient living sites. Subsistence was based primarily on cocosoid palm and small fish, supplemented with tree legume pods, tree fruits and nuts, and, where faunal remains were preserved in

Brazilian sites, medium-size fish, shellfish (Unionidae), turtles, tortoises, and medium-sized rodents. Mammals, otherwise, were very rare in their sites, and megafauna,

totally absent. Most of the fish were small catfish, chichlids, and characins, Fluorouracil in vitro but there also were piranhas and Hoplias malabaricus and a few very large fish, such as pirarucu (Arapaima gigas), a meter to 3 m long, the meter-long aruana (Osteoglossum bicirrhosum), and meter-long large catfish. All of the plant and animal species in Paleoindian sites still live in Amazonia. The early Amazonians put a distinctive esthetic stamp over a wide area by decorating rock outcrops with thousands of large, painted designs that are visible from low-flying aircraft (Fig. 3) (Davis, 2009, Roosevelt, 1999b and Roosevelt et al., 1996). According to 10 radiocarbon and 5 luminescence dates associated with abundant pigment at two sites, the artwork began early in their occupation, dated between 13,000 and 11,500 years Adenosine cal BP. by over 70 radiometric dates. This widespread monumental polychrome art was both a cultural marker and an astronomical

observation system linked to environmental cycles (Davis, 2009 and Davis, 2014). In many places where suitable bedrock is exposed in greater Amazonia, similar artworks are found (e.g., Pereira, 2003). At the same time Paleoindians arrived, forest disturbance species more than double from pre-human levels in the Amazon mouth paleoecological record (Haberle, 1997). The food and ecofactual remains in Paleoindian sites, described below, also suggest people may have altered the forests, cutting, burning, selecting, and possibly planting fruit trees, shrubs, and herbs they found edible or useful. Part-time foragers in the northwest Amazon today have measurable effects on forest composition from their treks (Politis, 2007: 240–246, 278–290, 333–335). At camps, they cut wood and discard seeds, which sprout into palm groves after they leave.

The definition of the main sedimentary facies in the cores (indicated with different colors in Fig. 2) is useful for interpreting the acoustic profile, identifying the sedimentary features, as well as allowing a comparison with similar environments. Most of the alluvial facies

A are located below the caranto paleosol and belong to the Pleicestocene continental succession. The sediments of the facies Ac in cores SG28 e SG27 are more recent and correspond to the unit H2a (delta plain and adjacent alluvial and lagoonal deposits) of the Holocene succession defined by Zecchin et al. (2009). In the southern Venice Lagoon they define also the unit H1 (transgressive back-barrier and shallow marine deposits) and the unit H2b (prograding delta front/prodelta, shoreface and beach Cisplatin ridge deposits). In the study area, however, the units H1 and H2b are not present: the lagoonal facies L (i.e. the unit H3 of tidal channels and modern lagoon deposit in Zecchin et al.

(2009)) overlies the H2a. A similar succession of seismic units is also found in the Languedocian lagoonal environment in the Gulf of Lions (unit U1 – Ante-Holocene Doxorubicin concentration deposits and units U3F and U3L, filling channel deposits and lagoonal deposits, respectively) in Raynal et al. (2010), showing similar lagoon environmental behavior related to the sea-level rise during the Flandrian marine transgression ( Storms et al., 2008 and Antonioli et al., 2009). The micropalaeontological analyses

( Albani et al., 2007) further characterize the facies L in different environments: salt-marsh facies Lsm, mudflat facies Lm, Thymidylate synthase tidal channel laminated facies Lcl and tidal channel sandy facies Lcs. As described by Madricardo et al. (2012), the correlation of the sedimentary and acoustic facies identifies the main sedimentary features of the area (shown in vertical section in Fig. 2 and in 2D map in Fig. 3). With this correlation and the 14C ages we could: (a) indicate when the lagoon formed in the area and map the marine-lagoon transition (caranto); (b) reconstruct the evolution of an ancient salt marsh and (c) reconstruct the evolution of three palaeochannels (CL1, CL2 and CL3). The core SG26 (black vertical line in Fig. 2a) intersects two almost horizontal high amplitude reflectors (1) and (2), interpreted as palaeosurfaces (Fig. 2a). A clear transition from the weathered alluvial facies Aa to the lagoonal salt marsh facies Lsm (in blue and violet respectively) in SG26 suggests that the palaeosurface (1) represents the upper limit of the Pleistocene alluvial plain (caranto). The 14C dating of plant remains at 2.44 m below mean sea level (m.s.l.