The discrepancy between our findings and results obtained in previous studies on GTS could reflect the modulating effect of OCS on late ERP components. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Contact Fedratinib cell line allergy data indicates that atopics have heightened oral tolerance to haptens (chemical allergens). We speculate here, that artificially increased oral exposure to chemicals

compete with dietary proteins for the development of oral tolerance, predisposing to the acquisition of food protein allergy and representing one driver for the increasing prevalence of protein allergy and/or atopy. Hapten exposure via other surfaces such as the skin and airways might also be important in promoting atopic disease. Consistent with this hypothesis it is notable that over 40 years, with the huge increase in atopic disease, there has also been an increase in

dietary hapten exposure through processed food, formula milk and oral antibiotic and drug use.”
“Hepadnaviruses are the only known viruses that replicate by protein-primed reverse transcription. Beyond the conserved reverse transcriptase (RT) and RNase H domains, their polymerases (P proteins) carry a unique terminal protein AZD5153 in vivo (TP) domain that provides a specific Tyr residue, Tyr96 in duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV), to which the first nucleotide of minus-strand DNA is autocatalytically attached and extended by three more nucleotides. In vitro reconstitution of this priming reaction with DHBV P protein and cellular chaperones had revealed strict requirements for the D epsilon RNA stem-loop as a template and for catalytic activity of the RT domain plus RNA-binding competence of the TP domain. Chaperone dependence can be obviated by using a truncated P protein (miniP). Here, we found that miniP with a tobacco etch

virus (TEV) protease cleavage site between TP and RT (miniP(TEV)) displayed authentic priming activity when supplied with alpha-(32)P-labeled deoxynucleoside triphosphates; however, protease cleavage revealed, surprisingly, that the RT domain was also labeled. RT labeling had identical requirements as priming at Tyr96 and originated from dNMP transfer to a unique Tyr residue identified Farnesyltransferase as Tyr561 in the presumed RT primer grip motif. Mutating Tyr561 did not affect Tyr96 priming in vitro and only modestly reduced replication competence of an intact DHBV genome; hence, deoxynucleotidylated Tyr561 is not an obligate intermediate in TP priming. However, as a first alternative substrate for the exquisitely complex protein-priming reaction, dNMP transfer to Tyr561 is a novel tool to further clarify the mechanism of hepadnaviral replication initiation and suggests that specific priming inhibitors can be found.”
“This study had two purposes. First: compare predator and water submersion stress cFos activation patterns in dorsal raphe (DR), locus coeruleus (LC) and periaqueductal gray (PAG). Second: identify markers of vulnerability to stressors within these areas.

Seven compounds expected to have no effect on neuronal function were tested as “”negatives”" find more (glyphosate, acetaminophen, salicylic acid, paraquat, saccharin, D-sorbitol and amoxicillin). Following collection of 33 min of baseline activity, chemical effects (50 mu M or highest soluble concentration) were recorded for 33 min. Twenty of the positives altered the mean network spike rate by more than the 14% threshold (two standard deviations from the mean for DMSO control). The three positives without effect were bifenthrin, nicotine and imidacloprid. None of the negative compounds caused a change in activity beyond the

threshold. Based on these results, the mwMEA assay has both high sensitivity (87% identification of positive compounds)

and specificity (100% identification of negative compounds). These experiments demonstrate the capacity of mwMEAs to screen compounds for neurotoxic effects mediated by a broad variety of mechanisms. Published by Elsevier Inc.”
“Objective: Small numbers of patients have advanced renal and mesenteric vascular disease requiring treatment. Open surgical treatment has been considered high risk, and the advent of endovascular intervention has affected Thiazovivin in vivo management. This study evaluated the safety and long-term efficacy of concomitant mesenteric and renal revascularization with open techniques.

Methods: Data from 90 consecutive patients who underwent mesenteric and renal revascularization during a 30-year period were

analyzed. Early and late outcomes were evaluated over two intervals: 48 in period A (1978 to 1995), concomitant open renal and mesenteric revascularization (COR; n = 46) and sequential open renal and mesenteric revascularization (SOR; n = 2); 42 in period B (1996 to 2009), 22 COR, 4 SOR, 13 sequential hybrid open/endovascular repairs (SOER), and 3 sequential endovascular repairs (SER).

Results: There were 26 men and 64 women (median ACY-738 age, 67 years). Renal insufficiency was present in 24% and coronary artery disease (CAD) in 53%. Open surgical reconstruction was performed in 126 renal and 149 mesenteric arteries, with angioplasty/stenting in 15 and 8, respectively; 58 patients had concomitant aortic reconstruction (AR), and 9 had prior AR (8 in period A, 1 in period B). Hospital mortality was 8.8% overall; seven (14.5%) in period A and one (2.3%) in period B. Causes of early death were hemorrhage in three and multisystem organ failure in five. During a median follow-up of 4.5 years (range, 6 days-26.5 years), 11 patients progressed to hemodialysis (7 COR, 4 SOER), and 6 had recurrent mesenteric ischemia (4 COR, 1 SOER, 1 SER). Eight patients in period A and seven in period B required further procedures (9 renal, 9 mesenteric; 11 COR, 2 SOER, 1 SOR, 1 SER).

3%) with bladder exstrophy, 7 (3.8%) with tuberculosis, 4 (2.2%) with posterior urethral valves and 1 (0.5%) LCZ696 manufacturer with female hypospadias. A mold over which the de-epithelialized segment of bowel was applied was used in all patients. A total of 151 cases were augmented using sigmoid colon and 32 using ileum. Data from bladder capacity and compliance were used to evaluate

the results.

Results: Mean followup was 75.6 months (range 2 to 189). A total of 23 cases (12.6%) were considered failures. Mean bladder capacity was 250.0 ml. An increase of 342.4% was observed postoperatively. Median preoperative compliance was 1.6 ml/cm/H2O. An increase of 762.5% was observed during followup. Seven patients presented with bladder stones. Spontaneous bladder perforation was seen in 2 cases.

Conclusions: Significant increase in bladder capacity and compliance was achieved and maintained in the long term. The number of complications Dinaciclib molecular weight was lower compared to traditional methods of augmentation.”
“In vitro results show the ability of the CB1 receptor agonist CP 55,940 to reduce the affinity of D-2 receptor agonist binding sites in both the dorsal and ventral striatum including the nucleus accumbens shell. This antagonistic modulation of D-2 receptor agonist affinity was found to remain and even be enhanced after G-protein activation by Gpp(NH)p. Using the FRET technique in living HEK-293T cells,

the formation of CB1-D-2 receptor heteromers, independent of receptor occupancy, was demonstrated. These data thereby indicate that the antagonistic intramembrane CB1/D-2 receptor-receptor interactions may occur in CB1/D-2 formed heteromers. Antagonistic CB1/D-2 interactions were also discovered at the behavioral level through an analysis of quinpirole-induced locomotor hyperactivity in rats. The CB1 receptor agonist CP 55,940 at a dose that did not change basal locomotion was able to block quinpirole-induced

Florfenicol increases in locomotor activity. In addition, not only the CB1 receptor antagonist rimonobant but also the specific A(2A) receptor antagonist MSX-3 blocked the inhibitory effect of CB1 receptor agonist on D-2-like receptor agonist-induced hyperlocomotion. Taken together, these results give evidence for the existence of antagonistic CB1/D-2 receptor-receptor interactions within CB1/D-2 heteromers in which A(2)A receptors may also participate. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: Dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer has become a popular bulking agent for subureteral injection in the treatment of vesicoureteral reflux. The success rates are lower compared to ureteral reimplantation, and, therefore, postoperative voiding cystourethrography is required. We sought to determine if post-injection intraoperative cystography can be useful in improving the success rate of injection and replacing the need for the 3 to 4-month postoperative voiding cystourethrogram.

Importantly, this high-affinity state alpha(2)AR upregulation can be normalized with antidepressant

treatments. Thus, depressive disorders appear to be associated with increased alpha(2)AR sensitivity and responsiveness, which may represent a physiological basis for the putative noradrenergic dysfunction in depressive disorders. In addition, we review changes in some key alpha(2)AR accessory proteins in depressive disorders and discuss their potential contribution to alpha(2)AR dysfunction. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: This study documented with independent neurologic assessment the 30-day and 90-day outcomes in selected patients with severe internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis who underwent carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in the acute phase of find more stroke-in-evolution (SIE).

Methods: From January 2003 to December 2010, data from patients who had surgery <= 2 weeks of an

SIE with high-grade carotid stenosis were extracted from two prospectively collected databases. Clinical assessment was by the vascular neurologist using the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and the modified Rankin Scale score. All patients had computed tomography or magnetic resonance brain imaging <= 3 hours of stroke onset. Those eligible received thrombolysis. Duplex ultrasound CRT0066101 cell line imaging was initially used for the diagnosis of severe (>= 60%) ICA stenosis, and further assessment was by magnetic resonance or computed tomography angiography, or both. Perioperative medical treatment and operative techniques were standardized. Stroke, death, https://www.selleck.cn/products/tpx-0005.html major cardiac events, and functional outcome were analyzed.

Results: Twenty-seven patients underwent carotid revascularization in the acute phase of SIE. Fluctuating or progressive neurologic deficit was the presenting pattern in 20 patients and occurred after

otherwise successful thrombolytic therapy in the remaining 7 (26%). Median NIHSS score at admission was 8. Median delay to surgery from the index event was 6 days. The mean degree of ICA stenosis was 87%. All patients received antiplatelet and statin therapy during the intervening period. Procedures were conventional CEA with patch angioplasty (polytetrafluoroethylene) in 26 patients (96.3%) and redo interposition bypass grafting in 1 patient. CEA was done under local anesthesia in 23 patients (85.2%), with selective shunting in 3 (13.0%), and under general anesthesia, with systematic shunting in 4. At discharge and at 1 and 3 months, no recurrent stroke or death, and one nonfatal myocardial infarction occurred in this series, with a 100% complete follow-up. At 3 months, all patients had a favorable functional outcome defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of <= 2.

Conclusions: This short series demonstrates that CEA in the acute phase of SIE with strict selection criteria and close blood pressure monitoring is safe, even after recent thrombolytic therapy, and is effective in functional outcome at 3 months.

Age was correlated with increased serum C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 or, however, no change selleck screening library in interleukin-10 concentration was observed (n = 120 baboons). Cytokine release from unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells

as well as following immune (lipopolysaccharide) stimulation increased with age. When whole blood was assayed, both lipopolysaccharide stimulated and unstimulated samples showed an age-related increase in interleukin-6 response, although the unstimulated cytokine response was reduced compared with that observed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha response was not related to age. Cytokine response in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated whole blood was negatively correlated with serum DHEA-S concentration and positively correlated with TGF-beta concentration.”
“Until recently, the basic leucine zipper transcription factor E4BP4 (also known as NFIL3) was of little interest to immunologists, being best known for its role in regulating circadian rhythm in chick pineal gland. However, characterisation of E4bp4(-/-) mice, independently generated in four different laboratories, has revealed roles for E4BP4 in diverse haematopoietic lineages. E4BP4 is essential for the development of NK cells and CD8 alpha(+) conventional dendritic cells, and is also involved in macrophage activation, polarisation of CD4(+) T

cell responses and B cell class switching to IgE. Here, we discuss the role of E4BP4 as a regulator of the immune response and highlight future questions for the Tanespimycin field.”
“Following neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) levels are decreased in the brain. The regulation of brain 5-HT is dependent on the serotonin transporter (SERT) localised at the neuronal pre-synaptic cell membrane. However SERT can also traffic away from the cell membrane into the cytosol and, after injury, may contribute to the cell’s inability to maintain 5-HT levels. Whether this occurs after neonatal HI brain injury is not known. In addition,

there is contradictory evidence that glial cells may also contribute to the clearance of 5-HT in the brain. Using a postnatal Roscovitine order day 3 (P3) HI rat pup model (right carotid ligation + 30 min 6% O-2), we found, in both control and P3 HI animals, that SERT is retained on the cell membrane and is not internalised in the cytosol. In addition, SERT was only detected on neurons. We found no evidence of SERT co-localisation on microglia or astrocytes. We conclude that neuronal SERT is the primary regulator of synaptic 5-HT availability in the intact and P3 HI-injured neonatal brain. Furthermore, since concomitant reductions in 5-HT, SERT and serotonergic neurons occur after neonatal HI, it is plausible that the decrease in brain 5-HT is a consequence of SEAT being lost as neurons degenerate as opposed to remaining neurons internalising SERT or clearance by glial cells.

To resolve these discrepancies, we examined recognition memory and event-related potentials (ERPs) for young and old faces in young participants and two elderly groups, who either reported high or low degrees of daily contact with elderly relative to younger persons. As expected, young

adults showed more accurate memory for young versus old faces. While no OAB was found in old/low contact participants, old/high contact participants were more accurate with old versus PS 341 young faces. ERPs in young adults revealed a parietal old/new effect from 500 to 800 ms (hits > correct rejections) for young but not old faces. Whereas no old/new effect was seen in the old/low contact group, the old/high contact participants exhibited a prominent reversed old/new effect (hits < correct rejections) for old faces. These results suggest that contact may account for earlier discrepant results with regard to the OAB in elderly participants. A behavioral OAB Evofosfamide concentration in elderly participants may depend on high degrees of contact towards old people. The finding of ERP old/new effects specific to own-age faces suggests enhanced recollection of study phase detail in young participants,

whereas it may reflect increased engagement in processes aiming at compensating for a deficit in recollection in elderly participants. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Clinical use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like diclofenac (DCLF) is limited by multiple adverse effects, including renal toxicity leading to acute kidney injury. In mice with DCLF-induced nephrotoxicity, TDZD-8, a selective glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)3 beta inhibitor, improved acute kidney dysfunction and ameliorated tubular necrosis and apoptosis associated with induced cortical expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and

prostaglandin E2. This renoprotective effect was blunted but still largely preserved in COX-2-null mice, suggesting that other GSK3 beta targets beyond COX-2 functioned in renal protection. Indeed, TDZD-8 diminished the mitochondrial permeability transition in DCLF-injured kidneys. In vitro, GSK3 beta inhibition reinstated viability and suppressed necrosis and apoptosis in DCLF-stimulated tubular epithelial cells. DCLF elicited SB525334 molecular weight oxidative stress, enhanced the activity of the redox-sensitive GSK3 beta, and promoted a mitochondrial permeability transition by interacting with cyclophilin D, a key component of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. TDZD-8 blocked GSK3 beta activity and prevented GSK3 beta-mediated cyclophilin D phosphorylation and the ensuing mitochondrial permeability transition, concomitant with normalization of intracellular ATP. Conversely, ectopic expression of a constitutively active GSK3 beta abolished the effects of TDZD-8.

Results. Of the 106 patients, 73 (68.9%) continued on AZA for >6 months

(AZA therapy group) and 33 (31.1%) discontinued AZA within 6 months due to intolerance (AZA intolerance group, n = 20), colectomy (n = 6), or follow-up loss (n = 7). Three-year outcomes for 106 patients were success in 54.7% (complete success, 35.8%; partial success, 18.9%), failure in 32.1% (frequent OSI-744 nmr or prolonged relapses, 12.3%; infliximab administration, 5.6%; colectomy, 14.2%), and follow-up loss or death in 13.2%. The success rate increased to 71.2% (complete success, 46.6%; partial success, 24.7%) when the analysis was confined to the 73 patients who continued AZA for > 6 months. The 3-year success rate was higher in the AZA therapy group (71.2%) than the AZA intolerance group (25.0%) (p < 0.001). Conclusions. AZA is an effective treatment for steroid-dependent UC. The efficacy of AZA is well sustained over 3 years.”
“Background. Some of the most important questions relating to the use of biological therapy in inflammatory bowel

diseases concern the duration of maintenance therapy. The RASH study revealed that previous use of biological therapy and dose intensification are associated with restarting of biological therapy in Crohn’s disease. The aim of the study was to assess the disease course and frequency of selleck screening library selleck kinase inhibitor relapse of ulcerative colitis (UC) following discontinuation of infliximab in patients with remission and to determine predictive factors for relapse. Patients and methods. Fifty-one UC patients who had achieved clinical remission following 1 year of infliximab therapy and for whom infliximab was then discontinued participated in this prospective observational study. 15.7% of the patients received infliximab before the 1-year period of biological therapy analyzed in the study. Biological therapy was restarted in case of recurrent clinical activity. Data were collected from four Hungarian IBD centers. Results. Thirty-five

percent of the patients needed to be retreated with infliximab within 1 year after treatment cessation. Logistic regression analysis revealed that previous biological therapy (p = 0.021) was associated with the need of restarting infliximab. None of the data relating to patients’ demographic and clinical characteristics, concomitant therapy and CRP level showed association with the need for restarting biological therapy. Conclusions. Biological therapy was restarted at a median of 4 months after discontinuation in more than every third UC patients who had been in clinical remission following 1 year of infliximab therapy. Response to retreatment with infliximab was favorable in the majority of the patients who relapsed.”
“Aim and background.

We explain these findings in the context of the dynamic dominance hypothesis of handedness and discuss their implications for the link between hemispheric asymmetries in neural control and hand preference. (C) 2012 IBRO. Published by Elsevier NCT-501 solubility dmso Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Intein-based protein cleavages, if carried out in a controllable way, can be useful tools of recombinant protein purification, ligation, and cyclization. However, existing methods using contiguous inteins were often complicated by spontaneous cleavages, which could severely reduce the yield of the desired protein product. Here we demonstrate a new method of controllable cleavages without any spontaneous cleavage, using an artificial

Selleckchem Mocetinostat S1 split-intein consisting of an 11-aa N-intein (I(N)) and a 144-aa C-intein (I(C)). In a C-cleavage design, the I(C) sequence was embedded in a recombinant precursor protein, and the small I(N) was used as a synthetic peptide to trigger a cleavage at the C-terminus of I(C). In an N-cleavage design, the short I(N) sequence was embedded in a recombinant precursor protein, and the separately produced I(C) protein was used to catalyze a cleavage at the N-terminus Of I(N). These N- and C-cleavages showed >95% efficiency, and both successfully avoided any spontaneous cleavage during expression and purification of the precursor

proteins. The N-cleavage design also revealed an unexpected and interesting structural flexibility of the I(C) protein. These findings significantly expand the effectiveness of intein-based protein cleavages, and they also reveal important insights of intein structural flexibility and fragment complementation.”
“Purpose: Evolving techniques and materials for pelvic reconstruction have

resulted in corresponding increases in the risk of iatrogenic foreign bodies in the lower urinary tract EPZ-6438 cost and vagina. We review the presentation, management and outcomes of iatrogenic foreign bodies in the female lower urinary tract and vagina.

Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective review of the records of all women undergoing removal of lower urinary tract foreign bodies during a 9-year period. All patients underwent a structured evaluation including history, physical examination, ancillary testing as indicated and subjective symptom appraisal.

Results: A total of 85 women were identified, of whom 48 had vaginal, 40 had lower urinary tract, and 3 had concomitant vaginal and lower urinary tract excision of foreign material. Of the lower urinary tract cases the foreign body was located in the urethra in 12, bladder neck in 10, bladder wall in 18 and trigone in 3, while the remainder of the cases was vaginal in location. Aggressive surgical management aimed at removal or debulking of the exposed foreign body necessitated cystorrhaphy/partial cystectomy (20), urethroplasty (18) and fistula repair (3).

Other parameters of cortical excitability remained unaffected.

Conclusions By lengthening CSP without affecting MT, ICI and ICF, quetiapine demonstrates a unique neurophysiological profile which differs distinctively from brain excitability profiles of typical antipsychotics such as haloperidol. Provided that the CSP prolongation LXH254 mouse reflects the antipsychotic potential of quetiapine, TMS may be developed as a tool to monitor neurobiological effects of quetiapine treatment in schizophrenic patients and to explore the efficacy of other antipsychotic drugs with a similar mode of action.”
“Autophagy and the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) mediate

the degradation of cellular proteins. However, we are now realizing that autophagy can also be a selective process that degrades various organelles. Peter and co-workers discovered a selective autophagic pathway that targets ribosomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This pathway, which they termed ribophagy, depends on Ubp3 ubiquitin protease Tozasertib cost and its partner

Bre5. This is an important finding, because it suggests that the number of ribosomes can be adjusted to match the needs of the cell.”
“Some central effects of cocaine administration seem to be related to angiotensin II (Ang II) or its metabolites. Nonetheless, it is still an open question whether or not the levels of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE), the main Ang II generating enzyme, are modified by cocaine administration. To evaluate the effect of acute and subchronic cocaine administration

on ACE activity and mRNA expression, male rats were randomly assigned to saline or cocaine group. Acute and subchronic cocaine administration induced a significant increase in ACE activity and mRNA expression in the frontal cortex and striatum but not in the hippocampus. These results suggest that some of the Ang II related effects of cocaine upon the central nervous system can be mediated by changes on the expression and activity of ACE in the striatum and frontal cortex. Crown Copyright (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The genome-length, dicistronic mRNA of the double-stranded RNA fungal virus Helminthosporium victoriae virus 190S (genus Victorivirus, family Totiviridae) contains two learn more long open reading frames (ORFs) that overlap in the tetranucleotide AUGA. Translation of the downstream ORF, which encodes the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), has been proposed to depend on ribosomal reinitiation following termination of the upstream ORF, which encodes the capsid protein. In the current study, we examined the RNA sequence determinants for RdRp translation in this virus and demonstrated that a coupled termination-reinitiation (stop-restart) strategy is indeed used. Signals for termination-reinitiation are found within a 32-nucleotide stretch of RNA immediately upstream of the AUGA motif, including a predicted pseudoknot structure.

5-HT(2A) inverse agonists alone are not effective to improve NMDA-RA-impaired NOR, but augment selleck compound the effects of atypical, but not typical APDs, to improve NOR. The 5-HT(1A) receptor partial agonist tandospirone alone and the 5-HT(1A) agonist effects of atypical APDs may substitute for, or contribute to, the effects of D(2) and 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonism to reverse the NMDA-RA impairment in NOR. 5-HT(6) and 5-HT(7) receptor antagonists may also attenuate these NMDA-RA-induced behaviors. 5-HT(2C) receptor inverse agonist, but not neutral antagonists, block

NOR in na < ve rats and the effects of atypical APDs to restore NOR in PCP-treated rats, suggesting the importance of the constitutive activity of 5-HT(2C) receptors in NOR.

Multiple 5-HT receptors contribute to effective treatments to reverse adverse effects of NMDA-RA which model psychosis find more and cognitive impairment.”
“The commission of an error triggers cognitive control processes dedicated to error correction and prevention. Post-error adjustments leading to response slowing following an error (“”post-error slowing”"; PES) might be driven by changes in excitability of the motor regions and the corticospinal tract (CST). The time-course of such excitability modulations of the CST leading to PES is largely unknown. To track these

presumed excitability changes after an error, single pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was applied to the motor cortex ipsilateral to the responding hand, while participants were performing an Eriksen flanker task. A robotic arm

with a movement compensation system was used to maintain the TMS coil in the correct position during the experiment. Magnetic VX-770 nmr pulses were delivered over the primary motor cortex ipsilateral to the active hand at different intervals (150, 300, 450 ms) after correct and erroneous responses, and the motor-evoked potentials (MEP) of the first dorsal interosseous muscle (FDI) contralateral to the stimulated hemisphere were recorded. MEP amplitude was increased 450 ms after the error. Two additional experiments showed that this increase was neither associated to the correction of the erroneous responses nor to the characteristics of the motor command. To the extent to which the excitability of the motor cortex ipsi- and contralateral to the response hand are inversely related, these results suggest a decrease in the excitability of the active motor cortex after an erroneous response. This modulation of the activity of the CST serves to prevent further premature and erroneous responses. At a more general level, the study shows the power of the TMS technique for the exploration of the temporal evolution of post-error adjustments within the motor system. (c) 2013 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.