First, the supportive literature and rationale for application of PEEP, CPAP or both during thoracic surgery are reviewed, relative to the threats of hypoxemia, hyperoxia and mechanical lung injury. The second part of the article focuses on the clinical use of PEEP and CPAP. Algorithms for the application of CPAP and PEEP to patients both at risk and not at risk of acute lung injury are presented.

Summary

CPAP and PEEP are useful not only to treat hypoxia and atelectasis

as the consequence of one-lung ventilation, perhaps more importantly, also as part of a protective lung-ventilation strategy to ameliorate mechanical stress and prevent acute lung injury.”
“Aqueous and organic basidiocarp extracts of the edible mushroom Lactarius indigo were evaluated for their antibacterial and cytotoxic effects. 10, 20 and 30 mg of organic extracts were tested against diarrheagenic MDV3100 manufacturer Escherichia coli strains (EIEC, EPEC, ETEC-LT and ETEC-ST), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, Selleck JQ1 Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica. 10 mg of hexane extract showed activity against ETEC-LT (18.8 mm zone of inhibition) and P. aeruginosa (10.5 mm).

All levels of the ethyl acetate extract inhibited all the strains, with stronger activity against EIEC (19.0 mm) and P. aeruginosa (21.0 mm) at 30 mg. Methanol extract inhibited all bacterial growth, but E. cloacae. 100 mu g/ml of aqueous extract showed antiproliferative activity against MCF7 cells, but not on HeLa, A549 and normal bovine mammary epithelium cells. Methanol and ethyl acetate extracts inhibited proliferation of HeLa cells (50 to 1000 ng/ml) but increased proliferation

of A549 (100 ng/ml), as did methanol extract (500 ng/ml). Methanol extract did not inhibit normal rabbit serum fibroblast find more cells, while hexane and ethyl acetate extracts showed an inhibitory effect with 50 and 100 ng/ml, respectively, less than in proliferation of HeLa cells. These results show that L. indigo basidiocarps contain substances with antibacterial and cytotoxic activities.”
“Controlled clinical trials are essential tools for evaluating the efficacy of antibiotic treatment against infection, but the results of such trials critically depend on sensitive, reproducible, and feasible outcome measures. We reviewed randomized controlled trials on the antibiotic treatment of diabetic foot infection published between 1999 and 2009 in terms of quality and endpoints. Discrepancies in study design, inclusion criteria, statistical methodology, and the varying definitions of both clinical and microbiological endpoints between the published studies, make it difficult to compare them, as well as to determine which regimen may be the most appropriate for patients with diabetic foot infection. (C) 2011 International Society for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The synthesis proceduresand palladium and chitosan contents were optimized.

It was demonstrated by the XPS method that Fe and Pd in Fe-Pd/chitosan samples exist in the metallic state. The positive shift of the binding energy as compared with the bulk metal shows that the iron metal in the surface layers exists as very small nanoparticles. The prepared materials were characterized also by the XAS method. CA4P The presence of O and N atoms in the first coordination shell of the central Fe atom in the Fe-Pd/chitosan samples certifies the binding of the Fe metal particles with the chitosan surface via OH and NH(2) groups. The samples are characterized by the high stability of the nanoparticles as compared to unstabilized Pd-NZVI. The materials were tested to evaluate their catalytic activity in the perchloroethene MDV3100 (PCE) dechlorination reaction. Some samples of chitosan-stabilized Pd-NZVI revealed a good performance in PCE degradation as compared to unstabilized

Pd-NZVI. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Novel catalytic nano-sized materials based on LaCoO(x) perovskite nanoparticles incapsulated in the mesoporous matrix of zirconia were prepared, characterized by physicochemical methods and tested in complete methanol oxidation. LaCoO(x) nanoparticles were prepared inside the mesopores of ZrO(2) by decomposition of bimetallic La-Co glycine precursor complexes. The catalysts have been studied by diffuse-reflectance FTIR-spectroscopy using such probe molecules as CO, CD(3)CN and CDCl(3) to test low-coordinated metal ions. At low temperatures of decomposition of complexes (up to 400 degrees C), low-coordinated Co(3+) ions predominate in the LaCoO(x) nanoparticles. whereas basically Co(2+) ions are found upon increasing

the decomposition temperature to 600 degrees C. The novel nano-sized perovskite catalysts exhibit a very high catalytic activity in the abatement of volatile organic compounds present in air, like methanol and light hydrocarbons. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The increasing number of nanomaterial based consumer products raises concerns about their possible impact on Nutlin-3 molecular weight the environment. This study provides an assessment of the effluent from a commercially available silver nanowashing machine. The washing machine released silver in its effluent at an average concentration of 11 mu g L(-1), as determined by inductive coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The presence of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was confirmed by single particle ICP-MS as well as ion selective electrode measurements and filtration techniques. Size measurements showed particles to be in the defined nanosize range, with an average size of 10 nm measured with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and 60-100 nm determined with nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA).

The concept of intermittent movement leads to the recognition of distinct movement modes over a hierarchy of spatio-temporal scales. Over larger scales, periods with relatively low displacement may indicate settlement within foraging areas, habitat units or seasonal DMH1 chemical structure ranges. Directed movements connect these patches or places used for other activities. Selection is expressed by switches in movement mode and the intensity of utilization by the settlement period relative to the area covered. The type of benefit obtained during settlement periods may be inferred from movement patterns, local environmental features, or the diel activity schedule. Rates of movement indicate changing costs in time and

energy over the seasonal cycle, between years and among regions. GPS telemetry potentially enables large-scale movement responses to changing environmental conditions to be linked to population performance.”
“The exchange coupling between PtFe and Fe in PtFe/Fe films with Cr(2)O(3) or Cr(2)O(3)/Cu spacer layers is indirect and

long range. Microstructures of as-deposited and annealed thin films are studied. Coercivity over 10 kOe is obtained in PtFe/Cr(2)O(3)(5 angstrom)/Fe(25 angstrom) films but decrease with thicker Cr(2)O(3) spacer layer. Comparably, coercivity can be maintained at about 10 kOe if spacer layer is changed into Cr(2)O(3)(x angstrom)/Cu(5 angstrom) (5 angstrom <= x <= 25 angstrom). www.selleckchem.com/products/mln-4924.html For a fixed total thickness of the spacer layers, the coercivity generally decreases with gradual replacement of Cr(2)O(3) by Cu, indicating the different effects of spacer layers on mediating the exchange coupling between PtFe and Fe. Using Cr(2)O(3) or Cr(2)O(3)/Cu as a spacer layer is a promising way for

realizing exchange-coupled PtFe/Fe composite films. VC 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3559473]“
“Although polypropylene (PP) Evofosfamide supplier grafted by maleic anhydride (MAH) has been successfully commercialized, the grafting mechanism under the existence of a second monomer is not very clear. To simulate the grafting process of MAH onto PP with 1-decene as the second monomer, the MAH/1-decene copolymer and Alder ene reaction product were prepared and grafted onto PP with dicumyl peroxide as the initiator. We found that the grafting of the copolymer and the reactive product greatly improved the grafting degree of MAH. Particularly, the grafting degree with a 3% content of the Alder ene reactive product was 1.89%, which was 178% higher than that of pure MAH-g-PP, the maximum value of which was 0.68%. The molecular weight of the synthesized product affected the grafting efficiency and crystallization behavior of the grafted system. The system grafted with the Alder ene reaction product showed a higher crystallization temperature and crystalline degree. When the molecular weight of the copolymer was higher than 1700, the improvement of the grafting degree could be neglected.

001.) Infection incidence was significantly higher

in patients with diabetes (4.2%, 23/551) than in those without (2.0%, 135/6,673) (p <.001). There were five bleeds in patients with diabetes (0.9%) versus 47 in those without (0.7%) (p=.58). The incidence of wound dehiscence in patients with diabetes (2) was not different from that in those without ( 22), (p=.90). Noninfective complications were 1.8% for patients both with diabetes (10/551) and those without (118/6,673). Two thousand three hundred seventy-one flaps resulted in 14 (0.6%) cases of end-flap necrosis, but no case occurred in patients with diabetes. Multivariate analysis using binary logistic regression demonstrated that known diabetes was predictive of infection (odds

ratio = 1.66, 95% confidence interval = 1.05-2.65). Diabetes was not predictive of other AGL 1879 complications.

CONCLUSION Patients with known diabetes suffer more postoperative skin infections than those without. Noninfective complications are similar. Clinicians may consider antibiotic prophylaxis in their patients with diabetes facing high-risk skin surgery.”
“Acute lung injury (ALI) results in high morbidity and mortality among preterm neonates and efforts have therefore been devoted to both antenatal and postnatal prevention of the disease. ALI is the result of an inflammatory response which is triggered by a variety of different mechanisms. It mostly affects the fetal lung and, in particular, causes damage to the integrity of the lung’s alveolar-capillary unit while weakening its cellular linings. Chemotactic activity and inflammatory PD-L1 mutation products, such as proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6, IL-11, VEGF, TGF-alpha and TGF-beta, provoke serious damage to the capillary endothelium and the alveolar epithelium, resulting in hyaline membrane formation and leakage of protein-rich edema fluid into the alveoli. Chorioamnionitis plays a major part in triggering AZD6244 clinical trial fetal lung inflammation, while mechanical ventilation, the application of which is frequently necessary in preterm

neonates, also causes ALI by inducing proinflammatory cytokines. Many different ventilation-strategies have been developed in order to reduce potential lung injury. Furthermore, tissue injury may occur as a result of injurious oxygen by-products (Reactive Oxygen Species, ROS), secondary to hyperoxia. Knowledge of the inflammatory pathways that connect intra-amniotic inflammation and ALI can lead to the formulation of novel interventional procedures. Future research should concentrate on the pathophysiology of ALI in preterm neonates and on possible pharmaceutical interventions targeting prevention and/or resolution of ALI.”
“Objective. To report immediate and follow-up pain intensity outcomes of fluoroscopically guided contrast- enhanced pubic symphysis corticosteroid injections for patients with pubic symphysis pain (PSP).

Design.

Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that neither EBV nor p53 expression was statistically significantly associated with event-free survival. Our data showed a low frequency of EBV association with pediatric FK228 cost T-cell lymphoma. It seems that p53

plays an important role in proliferation in our studied population, since it is overexpressed in 92% of T-cell lymphoma cases.”
“Aims Electrical stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve (PTN) is an established therapy for the treatment of refractory overactive bladder syndrome (OAB). The Urgent-SQ is an implant that is surgically placed near the PTN and activated by an external pulse generator, allowing for on demand PTN stimulation, without the need for needle insertion. The current study presents results of a 9-year, open-label, follow-up of eight patients to address the long term safety and efficacy of the implant. Methods In 2003, eight patients https://www.selleckchem.com/products/fosbretabulin-disodium-combretastatin-a-4-phosphate-disodium-ca4p-disodium.html with refractory OAB received a Urgent-SQ implant and were systematically followed up for 1 year. After that, the follow up continued as open-label study. The seven patients who still had the implant were contacted after 9 years and evaluated with an interview, physical exam, ankle X-ray, voiding

diaries, and completed questionnaires about adverse events, performance, efficacy, safety, and quality of life (validated iQoL). Results Six of the seven patients still had sensory and loco-motor responses on stimulation

at 9-year follow-up. Three of four patients who had a successful treatment response at 1 year, still use the device. The fourth patient restarted therapy. The implants are intact with no migration and/or displacement. All patients reported easy selleck products handling of the Urgent-SQ. One patient reported sporadic spontaneous sensory responses. One patient reported occasional localized ankle discomfort. Conclusions After 9 years of clinical experience, we demonstrated that implant driven PTNS with the Urgent-SQ is a safe therapy for OAB. The implant has a long lifespan and is well tolerated by patients. Neurourol. Urodynam. 32: 472-475, 2013. (c) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.”
“Whereas the effects of chemotherapy during pregnancy for mother and fetus are well described, its effects on the placenta remain largely undetermined. We performed a retrospective clinicopathologic analysis of the placenta following chemotherapy. Charts were reviewed for type of malignancy, type and timing of chemotherapy, and fetal and pregnancy outcome. Placentas were studied by standard pathologic analysis as well as computer-assisted morphometry and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. Patients (n = 13) underwent chemotherapy during pregnancy for carcinoma of breast (3), ovary (2), cervix (2), salivary gland (1), lymphoma/leukemia (4), or rhabdomyosarcoma (1).

The role of VEGF-A in patterning vessels relative to tissues and organs is also reviewed, with emphasis on neurovascular patterning and patterning at the embryonic midline.”
“This study addresses the influence of the cerebellum on the performance of an isometric precision grip task. For the task, in which the process of “”picking

a raspberry”" is simulated, grip force and pull force had to be increased linearly for a duration of 1-5 s (pull phase) to accomplish the task skillfully. The performance of 11 patients suffering from degenerative cerebellar disease was analyzed and compared with the performance of 11 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects. Patients with cerebellar disease showed systematic deviations of the pull force slope from a linear trend, dividing the

pull phase into two intervals. After an initial sharp and brief increase of pull force (first interval), patients maintained the achieved pull force level almost constant without further CHIR-99021 clinical trial increase (second interval). Although controls showed changes in the pull force slope also, they increased pull force during the whole pull phase. Coupling of grip force and pull force was analyzed using stochastic frontier analysis. This technique allows covariation of grip force and the resulting pull force to be analyzed depending on the variation of the grip force. In the patients, grip force and pull force were coupled efficiently only in the first interval. During the second interval, grip force was often SCH 900776 nmr exaggerated compared with pull force. In conclusion, patients with cerebellar diseases have difficulties in producing smooth isometric movements and in coupling grip force and pull force efficiently.”
“Objective. To describe the asthma medication device skills of high-risk African American adolescents and associations between skills and other components of illness management, Methods. 170 African American adolescents, with at least one hospitalization or two emergency department visits in the last year, demonstrated how they use their asthma quick-relief and controller medication devices. Observations were scored using an in vivo observation asthma skills checklist. To assess

other areas of asthma management, adolescents and their primary caregiver were interviewed see more using the Family Asthma Management System Scales, Results. Only 5% of adolescents correctly demonstrated all controller skills, and none of the adolescents correctly showed all quick-relief inhaler skills (5% showed between 90 and 95% of skills). Several components of asthma management predicting controller medication skills were attendance at an asthma specialty clinic, collaboration with provider, medication adherence, and quick-relief medication skills. These variables accounted for a total of 24% of the variance in controller medication skills, Conclusions. Results indicate the need for interventions directly targeting observed asthma management skills and the importance of relationship with providers.

For this purpose, a total of 20 mongrel dogs were divided into four groups: control, choline (C), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and LPS + C. Dogs in the control group were injected with 0.9% NaCl (0.2 ml/kg, i.v.). Dogs in C and LPS + C groups received choline chloride (20 mg/kg, i.v., three times with 4 h

intervals). Endotoxin was injected (0.02 mg/kg, i.v., once) to the dogs of LPS and LPS + C groups. Statistically significant decreases in BChE and PON1 activities in check details LPS group were detected 24 and 48 h post injection, respectively. No statistically significant changes in BChE and PON1 activities at different times were detected in control, C, or LPS + C groups. In conclusion, the data obtained in present study revealed a decrease in serum BChE and PON1 activities in dogs during experimentally induced endotoxemia and that choline administration attenuates these changes. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“A subgroup of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients remains refractory to conventional treatments. For them, a

new stereotactic Baf-A1 purchase radiosurgery has been recently developed: the ventral capsular/ventral striatal (VC/VS) gamma capsulotomy. The authors aim to report efficacy and adverse events of VC/VS gamma capsulotomy. Five refractory OCD patients were selected. The authors assessed OCD, anxiety and depressive symptoms, and side effects pre- and postoperatively. Three patients (60%) met response criteria 48 months after surgery. Adverse effects were episodic and transient. Ventral capsular/ventral striatal gamma capsulotomy

holds therapeutic promise, with few adverse effects. (The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 2009; 21:381-392)”
“Five refractory obsessive-compulsive patients were assessed using a neuropsychological battery after selleck kinase inhibitor a modified gamma knife capsulotomy. The surgical technique was not associated with profound cognitive deficits. The authors found improvements in attention, vocabulary, learning, abstract reasoning, and memory. (The journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 2009; 21:393-397)”
“To investigate effective new rabies vaccines, a fusion protein consisting of the rabies virus (RV) glycoprotein and the heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit of Escherichia coli (LTB) was successfully constructed and delivered in a live attenuated Salmonella strain LH430. Mice were immunised with LH430 carrying pVAX1-G, pVAX1-G-LTB or pVAX1-ori-G-LTB. The antibody titres of mice immunised with oral LH430 carrying pVAX1-G-LTB or pVAX1-ori-G-LTB were significantly higher than those of pVAX1-G-immunised mice. The results of the challenge with the rabies virus standard strain (CVS-11) showed that the LH430 strain carrying the G-LTB gene induced immunity and elevated IL-2 levels in immunised mice (**P < 0.01). whereas LH430 carrying pVAX1-G did not contribute to protection.

Eighty-one patients with CHC infected with genotype 1 received treatment with peginterferon plus ribavirin. Histological data were available for 41 out of 81 patients before treatment, and the degree of fibrosis, inflammation and steatosis was assessed. Plasma levels of RBP4 were determined in serial samples (before, at the end of treatment, and at 6 months post-treatment). RBP4 Selleckchem Epoxomicin levels were lower in CHC patients than in control subjects (34.6 +/- 12.3 mu g/mL vs 46.2 +/- 10.5 mu g/mL; P < 0.001). Higher RBP4 levels were linked to lower alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (P < 0.01), higher

cholinesterase (P < 0.01), hyperlipidaemia (P < 0.01), hyperglycaemia (P < 0.05), and higher platelet (P < 0.01) count in CHC patients. Plasma RBP4 levels tended to decrease concomitantly with the grade of histological fibrosis, activity, and steatosis. RBP4 levels at baseline were not a predictor of the response to antiviral therapy in CHC patients. After peginterferon plus ribavirin therapy, only patients who had achieved clearance

of hepatitis C virus had higher post-treatment RBP4 levels. This study suggests that an association between RBP4 levels and abnormal metabolic features, and that liver function may determine RBP4 levels in CHC patents. This is further supported by the observation that RBP4 levels increased significantly after treatment only in sustained virological response (SVR) patients and reached levels comparable Fosbretabulin to those of healthy subjects.”
“Single Kinase Inhibitor Library mw crystalline PrO2(111)/Si(111) heterostructures are flexible buffers for global Ge integration on Si. A combined materials science-electrical characterization is carried out to study the influence of postdeposition annealing in 1 bar oxygen at 300-600 degrees C on the dielectric properties of PrO2(111)/Si(111). The materials science transmission electron microscopy and x-ray reflectometry studies reveal that postdeposition oxidation of the PrO2(111)/Si(111) boundary results

in an amorphous interface (IF) layer, which grows in thickness with temperature. Nondestructive depth profiling synchrotron radiation-based x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and x-ray absorption spectroscopy methods demonstrate that this amorphous IF layer is composed of two Pr-silicate phases, namely, with increasing distance from Si, a SiO2-rich and a SiO2-poor Pr silicate. The electronic band offset diagram shows that the wide band gap dielectric Pr silicate results in higher band offsets with respect to Si than the medium band gap dielectric PrO2. The electrical characterization studies by C-V measurements show that (a) well-behaved dielectric properties of the PrO2(111)/Si(111) are achieved in a narrow postdeposition oxidation window of 400-450 degrees C and that (b) defects are distributed over the Pr-silicate IF layer.

It is freely filtered at the kidney glomerulus because of its small size and lack of cysC binding protein. A very small amount of cysC appears in the urine because of its total reabsorption in the proximal tubule and lack of secretion. Since 1985 cystatin C has been studied mainly in serum/plasma as an alternative biomarker to serum creatinine to estimate GFR. In this Cyclopamine chemical structure review we present

the recent discoveries concerning urinary cystatin C determination as a tubular injury biomarker.”
“Background-Disparities in cardiovascular disease treatment are a major health policy concern. A complex interplay of patient, provider, and social contextual factors affect inequities in care.

Methods and Results-We used data regarding 22 205 patient stays in the National Cardiovascular Data Registry to explore the effect of hospital resources on receipt of a heart failure therapy, cardiac-resynchronization therapy with defibrillation (CRT-D). When added to patient-level variables, hospital ownership, check details cardiac patient volume, cardiac procedure availability, CRT-D, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation volumes, and hospital financial characteristics were individually predictive of CRT-D receipt. In the full hierarchical model, average median household income (P<0.0001) and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation volume (P<0.001) remained

significant predictors of CRT-D receipt. Patients treated at hospitals in affluent communities were more likely to receive CRT-D than patients treated in poor communities, despite accounting for other patient and hospital characteristics, including insurance status.

Conclusions-These findings suggest that the likelihood of receiving CRT-D is mediated by community wealth and hospital resources, and that health policy targeting

insurance coverage alone may be ineffective in resolving inequities in care. (Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2012;5:798-807.)”
“Cancer Patient selleck products Pathways (CPPs) for suspected cancer were implemented in Denmark to reduce waiting times for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Our study describes developments in time intervals and tumour size in a natural experiment before and after implementation of the CPP for sarcomas (January 1st, 2009). Medical files for patients referred with suspected sarcoma from other hospitals to Aarhus Sarcoma Centre during 2007-2010 (n = 1126) were reviewed for data on milestones, time intervals, performed diagnostics, and tumour size. Results showed a statistically significant reduction in median number of work days in the phase “”referral to first appointment”" for all patients. For bone sarcomas, median time was significantly reduced from 11 to five work days in the phase “”first appointment to decision of treatment”", for soft tissue sarcomas it was reduced from 28 to 18 work days in the phase “”referral to start of treatment”".

A dobutamine response test was performed on 1 dog, starting at a rate of 1 mu g/kg/min and doubling the rate every 15 minutes until fractional shortening

(FS) increased to > 2 times the baseline value.

Results-Evidence of systolic dysfunction was detected in 17 of 20 dogs with dysautonomia, as determined on the basis of FS (median, 17.9%; range, 4.0% to 31.1%). Left ventricular internal dimension during diastole or left ventricular internal dimension during systole was enlarged in 4 of 20 and 14 of 20 dogs, respectively. Enlargement of the left atrium or aorta was identified in 3 of 15 and 1 of 15 dogs in which Sapitinib it was measured, respectively. Administration of dobutamine at a rate of 4 mu g/kg/min resulted in dramatic improvement in FS (increase from 4% to 17%) in the 1 dog tested.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Results suggested that echocardiographic evidence of diminished systolic function was common in

dogs with dysautonomia. Whether the diminished function was a result of sympathetic denervation or myocardial hibernation was unclear, although myocardial hibernation was more likely. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009;235:1431-1436)”
“BACKGROUND: Xylitol, a sugar alcohol widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries, can be produced through biological reduction CAL-101 nmr of xylose present in hemicellulose hydrolysates by Candida tropicalis. However, the aeration rate and by-products originating from hemicellulose hydrolysis strongly inhibit the production of xylitol in a fermentation process. A two-stage fed-batch fermentation system was developed to selleck compound reduce these inhibitory effects and to improve xylitol production from corn cob hemicellulose hydrolysates by C. tropicalis.

RESULTS: Results of batch fermentations indicated that high xylitol production could be obtained from C. tropicalis at an initial xylose concentration of 80 g L-1 in corn cob hydrolysate medium at an aeration rate of 0.4 vvm at the micro-aeration stage. In the two-stage fed-batch fermentation process,

96.5 g L-1 xylitol was obtained after 120 h, giving a yield of 0.83 g g(-1) and a productivity of 1.01 g L-1 h(-1), which were 12.16% and 65.57% higher than those in a batch fermentation.

CONCLUSION: High xylitol production can be achieved in a two-stage fed-batch fermentation process, in which the negative effects of aeration rate and inhibitory compounds on xylitol formation can be considerably reduced. (C) 2011 Society of Chemical Industry”
“Objective-To determine the prevalence of hypocobalaminemia in dogs with multicentric lymphoma and to investigate any relationship between serum cobalamin concentration and disease outcome.

Design-Cohort study.

Animals-58 dogs with multicentric lymphoma.

Procedures-Serum cobalamin concentrations were measured in 58 dogs with multicentric lymphoma.