The mutant enzyme had K (m) for pyruvate fourfold higher than the wild type enzyme, and K (i) (app) for sulfonylureas some 30-fold higher. The A29 V mutation in the ALS resulted in the resistance GM6001 order of P.

aeruginosa to sulfonylurea herbicides but not to imidazolinone herbicides.”
“The finite life of non-rechargeable batteries powering implantable pulse generators (IPG) necessitates their periodic replacement. Children receiving deep brain stimulation (DBS) may require frequent battery changes over their treatment lifetime.\n\nWe aimed to determine the battery life of IPGs used in pallidal DBS for the treatment of dystonia in children and young people.\n\nWe make use of a review of case notes of all children and young people undergoing DBS surgery at our institution from June 2005 to May 2010.\n\nA total

of 54 children and young people underwent surgery on at least one occasion, with a total of 76 IPGs implanted. Replacement IPGs due to battery failure were required in 15 out of 54 (27.8%). The average time to battery failure was 24.5 +/- 2.9 months (95% confidence interval), with a range of 13-39 months. Battery life was significantly longer in primary compared to subsequent IPGs. No difference in longevity was seen between different IPG devices.\n\nIPG Elafibranor in vitro battery life may be short in children and young people receiving treatment for dystonia. These findings highlight the potential benefits of the recently introduced rechargeable neurostimulators.”
“Serratia marcescens

GEI strain was isolated from the gut of the workers of Chinese honey bee Apis cerana and evaluated in the laboratory for the control of Varroa destructor, a parasite of western honey bee A. mellifera. The supernatant and the collected proteins by ammonium sulfate from the bacterial cultures showed a strong miticidal effect on P5091 the female mites, with 100% mite mortality in 5 days. Heat (100 C for 10 min) and proteinase K treatment of the collected proteins destroyed the miticidal activity. The improved miticial activity of this bacterial strain on chitin medium indicated the involvement of chitinases. The expressed chitinases ChiA, ChiB and ChiC1 from S. marcescens GEI by recombinant Escherichia coil showed pathogenicity against the mites in the laboratory. These chitinases were active in a broad pH range (5-9) and the optimum temperatures were between 60 and 75 C. Synergistic effects of ChiA and ChiB on the miticidal activity against V. destructor were observed. The workers of both honey bee species were not sensitive to the spraying and feeding chitinases. These results provided alternative control strategies for Varroa mites, by formulating chitinase agents and by constructing transgenetic honey bees. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: Spasticity after stroke may be associated with worse functional outcome.

Patients were very satisfied with the aesthetic outcome of the adjacent implants irrespective of the treatment concept applied.”
“Stent-based mechanical thrombectomy was recently proposed as an effective alternative to other mechanical techniques to achieve recanalization of large-vessel learn more embolic occlusions in the anterior circulation. To

our knowledge, there arena reports of the use of this technique in acute basilar artery occlusion (ABAO). We present a patient with complete endovascular recanalization of ABAO using a stent-based thrombectomy technique. Advantages and limitations of this technique in the management of ABAO are discussed. The stent-thrombectomy technique is promising, and will need further evaluation in posterior circulation stroke. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“This study investigated the effect of white-rot fungal pretreatment on corn stover conversion in catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP). Corn stover pretreated by white-rot fungus Irpex lacteus CD2 was fast see more pyrolyzed alone (non-CFP)

and with ZSM-5 zeolite (CFP) in a semi-batch pyroprobe reactor. The fungal pretreatment considerably increased the volatile product yields (predominantly oxygenated compounds) in non-CFP, indicating that fungal pretreatment enhances the corn stover conversion in fast pyrolysis. In the presence of ZSM-5 zeolite, these oxygenated volatiles were further catalytically converted to aromatic hydrocarbons, whose yield increased from 10.03 wt.% for the untreated corn stover to 11.49 wt.% for the pretreated sample. In contrast, the coke

yield decreased from 14.29 to 11.93 wt.% in CFP following the fungal pretreatment. These results indicate that fungal pretreatment can enhance the production of valuable aromatics and decrease the amount of undesired coke, and thus has a beneficial effect on biomass conversion in CFP. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Aim: To evaluate the clinical characteristics and long-term outcome of pediatric patients with optic glioma.\n\nPatients Combretastatin A4 and Methods: A total of 101 patients with optic glioma newly diagnosed between 1975 and 2008 were evaluated retrospectively. COPP (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine, prednisolone) and cisplatin plus etoposide were the most commonly used chemotherapy regimens. Radiotherapy was administered in patients with progressive or unresponsive disease.\n\nResults: The median age at the time of diagnosis was 6 years, and the male/female ratio was 1.15. The most common referral complaint was strabismus. The most common site of optic glioma was the hypothalamic-chiasmatic region (31.7%). Fifty-three patients (52.5%) had neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1). Treatment consisted of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Forty-nine patients (48.5%) underwent surgery, which was predominantly subtotal resection, radiotherapy was administered to 39.

Immunoblot selleck kinase inhibitor analysis of cell lysates revealed a reduction in vascular endothelial growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen protein expression as well as expression of members of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase survival pathways. In vitro, ABT-510 induced tumor cell apoptosis in mouse and human ovarian cancer cells. This study shows ABT-510 as a promising candidate for inhibiting tumor growth and ascites formation in human EOC. [Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(1):64-74]“
“Background: The level of HIV-1 integrated DNA in CD4 T cells was reported to predict the evolution of untreated HIV-1 infection independently of CD4 cell counts

or plasma HIV-1 RNA levels. However, the relevance of reservoir level while on efficient antiretroviral therapy (ART) is still unknown.\n\nObjectives: To evaluate factors that may contribute to the establishment and Emricasan ic50 maintenance of HIV-1

reservoir size in ART-treated HIV-1-infected adults with complete suppression of viremia.\n\nStudy design: 35 subjects receiving ART with plasma HIV-1 RNA below the limit of detection for an average duration of 3.2 years were studied. A highly sensitive PCR was used to assess HIV-1 integrated DNA levels in sorted CD4 T cells.\n\nResults: The mean HIV-1 integrated DNA was 300 +/- 7 copies/10(6) CD4 cells (range 10-1408). In univariate analysis, the levels of HIV-1 proviral DNA appeared to be independent of duration of HIV-1-infection, duration on ART, time since HIV-1 viral load was undetectable, delay between HIV-1 infection and starting ART, or viral load before starting ART. Conversely,

CD4 T cell nadir, CD4/CD8 ratio and, to lesser degree, CD4 T cell counts were inversely associated with HIV-1 proviral DNA levels. In multivariate analysis, only CD4 T cell nadir significantly predicted levels of HIV-1 proviral DNA (P = 0.025).\n\nConclusions: CD4 T cell nadir strongly predicted reservoir size independently of other factors in HIV-1-infected adults with complete suppression of viremia. Collectively, these results indicate that the extent of CD4 T cell depletion before ART drives the size of the viral reservoir after A-1155463 prolonged therapy. (C) 2011 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.”
“Reactions between a series of nonenolisable aldehydes and tris(dimethylsilyl)methyllithium, (HMe2Si)3CLi, are described. The Peterson reaction takes place readily to give vinylbis(silanes). Moreover, styrene and butyl acrylate 1:1 copolymer (P), prepared by use of ,’-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) as an initiator in toluene at 701C, was formylated via direct electophilic substitution by methyl dichloromethyl ether (Cl2CHOMe) in the presence of tin(IV) chloride (SnCl4) in nitrobenzene (PhNO2) as solvent. The reaction of (HMe2Si)3CLi with formyl groups on the side chains of the copolymer led to new macromolecules bearing vinylbis(silane) functional groups.

In Experiment 2, it was shown that locating the platform beneath the less salient landmark potentiated learning based on geometry compared with control MCC950 cost rats for which landmarks provided ambiguous information about the location of the platform. The presence of the more salient landmark above the platform for another group of animals appeared to have no effect on learning based on geometry. Experiment 3 established that these landmark and

geometry cues entered into within-compound associations during compound training. We argue that these within-compound associations can account for the potentiation seen in Experiment 2, as well as previous failures to demonstrate overshadowing of geometric cues. We also suggest that these within-compound GSK2879552 in vivo associations need not be of different magnitudes, despite the different effects of each of the landmarks on learning based on geometry seen in Experiment 2. Instead, within-compound associations appear to mitigate the overshadowing effects that traditional theories of associative learning would predict.”
“The theory that red blood cells (RBCs) generate and release nitric oxide (NO)-like

bioactivity has gained considerable interest. However, it remains unclear whether it can be produced by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), which is present in RBCs, and whether NO can escape scavenging by hemoglobin. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that arginase reciprocally controls NO formation in RBCs by competition with eNOS for their common substrate arginine and that RBC-derived NO is functionally active following arginase blockade. We show that rodent and human RBCs contain functional arginase 1 and that pharmacological inhibition of arginase increases export of eNOS-derived nitrogen oxides from RBCs under basal conditions. The functional importance was tested in an ex vivo model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion

injury. Inhibitors of arginase significantly improved postischemic functional recovery in rat hearts if administered in whole blood or with RBCs in plasma. this website By contrast, arginase inhibition did not improve postischemic recovery when administered with buffer solution or plasma alone. The protective effect of arginase inhibition was lost in the presence of a NOS inhibitor. Moreover, hearts from eNOS(-/-) mice were protected when the arginase inhibitor was given with blood from wildtype donors. In contrast, when hearts from wild-type mice were given blood from eNOS(-/-) mice, the arginase inhibitor failed to protect against ischemia-reperfusion. These results strongly support the notion that RBCs contain functional eNOS and release NO-like bioactivity. This process is under tight control by arginase 1 and is of functional importance during ischemia-reperfusion.

\n\nResultsVolume-reduced PLTs were transfused at twice the dose in one-fifth the volume of PASII and plasma PLTs. The early posttransfusion count increment was higher for volume-reduced PLTs at 111×10(9)/L (95% confidence interval [CI], 86-135) compared to PASII PLTs at 62×10(9)/L (95% CI, 40-84; p=0.000) and plasma PLTs at 47×10(9)/L (95% CI,

14-79). The follow-up count increment was also higher for volume-reduced PLTs at 60×10(9)/L (95% CI, 19-100) compared to PASII PLTs at 38×10(9)/L Sonidegib cost (95% CI, -0.2 to 77; p=0.082) and plasma PLTs at 4×10(9)/L (95% CI, -38 to 46).\n\nConclusionNeonates who received twice the PLT dose by volume-reduced PLTs had twice as high early and follow-up count increment showing similar efficacy of products.”
“Introduction: Options for effective techniques for vessel and tissue sealing in infants and children

are limited because of the size and limited intracorporeal space of many pediatric patients. We evaluated a new energy source, the ForceTriad (TM) (Covidien, West Windsor, NJ) LigaSure, which delivers both mono- and bipolar energy in a 5-mm format LCL161 cell line and allows for tissue fusion and vessel sealing and division. This report documents our experience with this device.\n\nMethods: A database review was performed, looking for all cases that were performed in children using the ForceTriad LigaSure as the main source of hemostasis and tissue fusion. Two different handpieces were used a fine Maryland dissector-type instrument with no cutting blade, and a sealer/cutter, both in a 5-mm format.\n\nResults: A total of 60 cases were performed in children from September 2006 to September 2007, using the ForceTriad. The two most common cases were Nissen fundoplication (40 cases; weight: 8.5-95 kg [average, 40.7]; operating room [OR] time: 15-70 min [average, 32]; average days to full feeds: 2) and lung lobectomy (11) cases (weight: 4.6-63 kg [average, 27.3]; OR time: 60-180 min [average, 123];

average hospital days: 3.1). Other procedures included, excision of choledochal cyst (3), aortopexy, closure of bronchopleural fistula, nephrectomy (1), thymectomy (1), parathyroid adenoma excision (1), total colectomy (2), and intestinal duplication resection Buparlisib in vitro (2). There were no failures of vessel or tissue fusion and no operative complications. A delayed hydropneumothorax developed in 1 lung resection and spontaneously resolved.\n\nConclusion: The ForceTriad provides a safe, effective energy source in a 5-mm format. As compared to previous versions of the LigaSure, there was less sticking, a quicker seal, and no tissue-fusion failures.”
“A novel and practical reaction for the direct intramolecular oxidative coupling of butenylated arenes is reported. With the catalysis of Pd(OAc)(2), reactions of various butenylated arenes and carboxylic acids with Selectfluor reagent in CH3CN solution afforded the corresponding monocarboxylation/cyclization products in good yields under mild conditions.

Compared to sham controls, BVD had no significant effect on either baseline field potentials or LIP

in either condition. These results suggest that although BVD interferes with the encoding, consolidation, and/or retrieval of spatial memories and the function of place cells, these changes are not related to detectable in vivo decrements in basal synaptic transmission or LTP, at least in the investigated pathways. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.”
“Background: The Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) of the American College of Radiology recommends careful examination of the region of interest (ROI) in areas that seem to show a washout pattern on time-intensity curve (TIC). However, it is difficult to identify malignancies because many benign lesions also show enhancement, and these include cysts, hemorrhage, fibrosis, and necrosis in the mass.\n\nPurpose: This study was performed to assess the performance

of the dynamic selleck phase subtraction (DPS) map for dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the breast. A DPS map is a map image with pixel-by-pixel JAK inhibitor subtraction of an early-phase image from a delayed-phase image obtained in a dynamic study.\n\nMaterials and Methods: The use of the DPS map was analyzed retrospectively in 53 patients (32-84 years old) who underwent dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI of the breast. Sensitivity and specificity were compared with and without a DPS map for masses diagnosed as malignant lesions by biopsy. In addition, the

patterns of time-intensity curves 30 seconds, 90 seconds, and 5 minutes after injection of contrast agent were compared with and without a DPS map.\n\nResults: Sensitivity increased from 0.78 to 0.95, and specificity increased from 0.71 to 0.95 with reference to the DPS map. The pattern of TIC changed from continuous to a plateau in 9 cases, from a plateau to washout in 21 cases, and from continuous to washout in 7 cases.\n\nConclusion: Use of the DPS map of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI of the breast results in PXD101 high detection rates of malignant masses, allows accurate ROI setting of TIC, and reduces operator’s task.”
“Host castration represents a mechanism used by parasites to exploit energy resources from their hosts by interfering with their reproductive development or to extend host lifespan by removing risks associated with reproductive activity. One of the most intriguing groups of parasitic castrators is represented by the insects belonging to the order Strepsiptera. The macroparasite Xenos vesparum can produce dramatic phenotypic alterations in its host, the paper wasp Polistes dominula. Parasitized female wasps have undeveloped ovaries and desert the colony without performing any social task. However, very little attention has been given to the parasitic impact of X. vesparum on the male phenotype. Here, we investigated the effects of this parasite on the sexual behaviour and the morpho-physiology of P.

These observations can be promising for chronic renal failure patients since lipoate can play a double role in these patients contributing to efficient antioxidant defense and protection against cyanate and cyanide toxicity.”
“We present the results of a study on near-infrared electroluminescence

and optical amplification in semiconductor thin films based on a nonconjugated polymer doped with luminescent and electron-transport molecules. A single-layer light-emitting diode is fabricated on an indium tin oxide-coated glass substrate with poly(9-vinylcarbazole) containing an electron-transport material, 2-(4-Biphenylyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole Selonsertib cost and a near-infrared-emitting compound, 2-(6-(p-dimethylaminophenyl)-2,4-neopentylene-1,3,5-hexatrienyl)-3-ethylbenzothiazolium perchlorate. The single-layer structure shows near-infrared electroluminescence with a turn-on voltage of 13 V. The same structure learn more is characterized under transversal pulsed photopumping with a frequency-doubled Nd: yttrium aluminum garnet laser. With increasing pump fluence, the edge emission at 0.82 mu m shows both significant gain narrowing and superlinear intensity increase, which

indicate the existence of optical gain by stimulated emission. Our results provide impetus for the Combretastatin A4 purchase development of near-infrared polymer lasers and optical amplifiers.”
“Background: Brucellosis is a zoonosis whose economical impact in endemic countries is significant. Its magnitude for humans has been scarcely measured in Chile, therefore brucellosis was declared a reportable disease since 2004. Objective: To characterize the epidemiology of human brucellosis in Chile. Material:

Data sources were the Obligatory Disease Notification System (ODNS), the National Reference Laboratory for brucellosis, hospital discharges and deaths statistics. Results: The average incidence, according to the ODNS was 0.55 cases per 100.000 inhabitants (men 67.8%, median age 44 years). Hospital discharges rate of brucellosis during this period were 0.43 per 100.000 inhabitants. The major diagnosis (84.3%) was A23.9 (Brucellosis unspecified). Two patients died (mortality rate for the period 0.01 deaths per 100 000 inhabitants), their education level was basic. Conclusions: The incidence rates of cases reported, hospital discharges and mortality tend to decrease. The discrepancy between reported cases and clinical/laboratory diagnosis suggests underreporting. It is necessary to improve the notification system and to optimize laboratory confirmation by the National Reference Laboratory.”
“This Review covers the latest developments in the treatment options for chronic pancreatitis.

Raising blood glucose to 5-100 mmol/L resulted in a concentration-dependent increase of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c; P < 0.001) and thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBA-RS) content (P < 0.004).

Non-protein SH groups (NPSH) also increased significantly as the concentration of glucose increased up to 30 mmol/L (P < 0.001). The osmotic fragility was more pronounced in blood of uncontrolled diabetic patients than in these non-diabetic LY2606368 subjects. Ebselen significantly reduced the glucose-induced increase in osmotic fragility and inhibited HbA1c formation (P < 0.0001). These results indicate that blood from patients with uncontrolled diabetes are more sensitive to osmotic shock than from patients with controlled diabetes and control subjects in relation to increased production of free radicals in vivo.”
“To produce virus-free plants, a simple and original protocol was established by combining several techniques: repeated shoot meristem excision before and during in vitro culture and thermotherapy applied to bulblets in vitro. Lily symptomless virus (LSV) is a major virus that decreases plant growth vigor and the quality of cut flowers, yet infected plants show no distinct symptoms. Stock

bulbs of pollenless Asiatic hybrid lily (L. x elegans Thunb) lines (’409′ and ’599′) were used as explant. Shoot meristems were excised and selleck kinase inhibitor micropropagated. Thermotherapy OSI-906 (42 days at 35 degrees C) was applied to in vitro growing bulblets and a second meristem cut was then made from heat-treated material. Leaf tissues from bulblets formed before or postheat treatments were analyzed either by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction.

Line ’499′ produced LSV-free plants without heat treatment, but line ’599′ produced LSV-free plants only after heat treatment. The virus-free lily bulblets grew vigorously in vitro and acclimatized promptly. It is suggested that thermotherapy given to in vitro growing bulblets effectively eliminated the virus and induced a fast and efficient micropropagation technique for virus-free mother plant stock.”
“Objective: The objective was to examine differences by age in mental health treatment initiation in Veterans Health Administration (VA) primary care patients after positive posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) screens.\n\nMethods: This was a retrospective cohort study of 71,039 veterans who were administered PTSD screens during primary care encounters in 2007 at four Pacific Northwest VA medical center sites and who had no specialty mental health clinic visits or PTSD diagnoses recorded in the year before screening.

The detection limits (signal-to-noise ratio 5) were 5-100 fmol. A good linearity was achieved from the calibration curves, which was obtained by plotting the Stem Cell Compound Library purchase peak area ratios of the analytes relative to the internal standard (IS), that is, 1,6-diaminohexane, vs the injected amounts

of polyamines (r(2) bigger than 0.996), and the intra-day and inter-day assay precisions were smaller than 9.84%. Furthermore, the recoveries (%) of the polyamines spiked in the human fingernails were 89.14-110.64. The present method was applied to human fingernail samples from 17 lung cancer patients and 39 healthy volunteers. The polyamine concentration was different based on the gender, that is, the N-1-actPUT and PUT contents were 3.10 times and 2.56 times higher in healthy men than in women, respectively. Additionally, in the lung cancer patient group, as compared with the healthy volunteers, the concentrations of SPM had a statistically significant (p smaller than 0.05) correlation. Therefore, because the proposed method provides a good

mass accuracy and the trace detection of the polyamines KOS 1022 in human fingernails, this analytical technique could be a noninvasive technique to assist in the diagnosis and assessment of disease activity in lung cancer patients. Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley OICR-9429 concentration & Sons, Ltd.”
“Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) undergo self-renewal divisions to support spermatogenesis throughout life. Although several positive regulators of SSC self-renewal have been

discovered, little is known about the negative regulators. Here, we report that F-box and WD-40 domain protein 7 (FBXW7), a component of the Skp1-Cullin-F-box-type ubiquitin ligase, is a negative regulator of SSC self-renewal. FBXW7 is expressed in undifferentiated spermatogonia in a cell cycle-dependent manner. Although peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1 (PIN1), essential for spermatogenesis, is thought to destroy FBXW7, Pin1 depletion decreased FBXW7 expression. Spermatogonial transplantation showed that Fbxw7 overexpression compromised SSC activity whereas Fbxw7 deficiency enhanced SSC colonization and caused accumulation of undifferentiated spermatogonia, suggesting that the level of FBXW7 is critical for self-renewal and differentiation. Screening of putative FBXW7 targets revealed that Fbxw7 deficiency up-regulated myelo-cytomatosis oncogene (MYC) and cyclin E1 (CCNE1). Although depletion of Myc/Mycn or Ccne1/Ccne2 compromised SSC activity, overexpression of Myc, but not Ccne1, increased colonization of SSCs. These results suggest that FBXW7 regulates SSC self-renewal in a negative manner by degradation of MYC.

Unlike canonical cadherins, it is believed to function primarily as a signaling molecule. T-cadherin is highly expressed in endothelium. Using transendothelial electrical resistance measurements and

siRNA-mediated depletion of T-cadherin in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, we examined its involvement in regulation of endothelial barrier. We found that in resting confluent monolayers adjusted either to 1% or 10% serum, T-cadherin depletion modestly, but consistently reduced transendothelial resistance. This was accompanied by increased phosphorylation of Akt and LIM kinase, reduced phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase, but no NVP-LDE225 molecular weight difference in tubulin acetylation and in phosphorylation of an actin filament severing protein cofilin and myosin light chain kinase. Serum stimulation elicited a biphasic increase in resistance with peaks at 0.5 and 4-5 h, which was suppressed by a PI3 kinase/Akt inhibitor wortmannin and a p38 inhibitor SB 239063. T-cadherin depletion increased transendothelial resistance between the two peaks and reduced the amplitude of the second peak. T-cadherin depletion abrogated serum-induced Akt phosphorylation at Thr308 and reduced phosphorylation at Ser473, reduced phosphorylation of cofilin,

and accelerated tubulin deacetylation. VX-809 Adiponectin slightly improved transendothelial resistance irrespectively of T-cadherin depletion. T-cadherin depletion also resulted in a reduced sensitivity and delayed responses to thrombin. These data implicate T-cadherin in regulation of endothelial barrier function, and suggest a complex signaling network that links T-cadherin and regulation of barrier function. J. Cell. Physiol. 223: 94-102, 2010. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.”
“Advanced image-guidance systems allowing presentation of three-dimensional navigational data in real time are being developed enthusiastically for many medical procedures. Other industries, including aviation and the military, have noted that shifting attention toward such compelling assistance

has detrimental effects. Using the detection rate of unexpected findings, we assess whether inattentional blindness is significant in a surgical context and evaluate the impact of on-screen navigational GSI-IX concentration cuing with augmented reality.\n\nSurgeons and trainees performed an endoscopic navigation exercise on a cadaveric specimen. The subjects were randomized to either a standard endoscopic view (control) or an AR view consisting of an endoscopic video fused with anatomic contours. Two unexpected findings were presented in close proximity to the target point: one critical complication and one foreign body (screw). Task completion time, accuracy, and recognition of findings were recorded.\n\nDetection of the complication was 0/15 in the AR group versus 7/17 in the control group (p = 0.008). Detection of the screw was 1/15 (AR) and 7/17 (control) (p = 0.041). Recognition of either finding was 12/17 for the control group and 1/15 for the AR group (p < 0.001).